Phytochemical Responses of Stachys inflata Benth. to Environmental Factors in Semi-Arid Rangelands

Authors
Z. Mohammadi-Rad 1
E. Sheidai-Karkaj 2
M. Mofidi-Chelan 2
M. Younessi-Hamzekhanlu 3
1 M.Sc. graduated in rangeland sciences and engineering- rangeland management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia. Iran.
2 Associate professor, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia. Iran
3 Associate professor, Department of Forestry and Medicinal Plants, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, Ahar, Iran.
10.22034/ECOPERSIA.13.3.267
Abstract
Aims The Stachys inflata Benth. plant from Lamiaceae family and is a widely used medicinal species, with significant presence in northern rangelands of West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Therefore this research aimed to examine the changes in the phytochemical characteristics of this plant under the soil and topographic factors.

Materials & methods Soil sampling was carried out to measure various soil characteristics. In addition, topographical factors, were also measured. The impact of environmental factors on the phytochemical traits of S. inflata was determined using the redundancy detrended analysis (RDA) method.

Findings About 179 major phytochemical compound were identified across eight populations which site no. 5 was the richer site with 60 identified compounds. The RDA results revealed that the phytochemical characteristics of S. inflata are influenced by both soil and topographical factors. An increase in sand content was associated with higher percentages of alpha-cadinol, geraniol, trans-caryophyllene, trans-anethole, and orjunol compounds, whereas the levels of phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant indices decreased. On the other hand, an increase in calcium, sodium cations, and electrical conductivity contributed to higher percentages of thymol, spathulenol, caryophyllene, and prolol dibenzene furan compounds.

Conclusion Overall, Soil had relatively greater effects than topography and therefore to produce a rich extract, regarding to soil the stressful environments are suitable selection. Additionally, for domestication the St. in. it is needed to have a soil with higher cations and lover slope and elevations. The site no. 5 having richer compounds can be a pilot site to collect seeds for artificial seeding plantations.
Keywords
Medicinal Plant
Extract
secondary compounds
Stachys inflata Benth
plant population

Subjects

1. Barbosa Filho V.M., Waczuk E.P., Kamdem J.P., Abolaji A.O., Lacerda S.R., da Costa J.G.M., de Menezes I.R.A., Boligon A.A., Athayde M.L., da Rocha J.B.T. Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and osmotic fragility effects of Caju (Anacardium microcarpum Ducke). IND Crop Prod. 2014; 55: 280-288. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0926669014000995.
2. Bertol I., Santos M.P. Barbosa M.A. The role of native vegetation and the absence of human degradation in soil fertility and production of vegetables. Agr Ecosyst ENVIRON. 2004; 102(3): 389-394. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167880903003360.
3. Pedrotti F. The quality of the soil, in terms of its physical and chemical properties, directly affects plant growth and development by influencing the resistance exerted on Root growth. Soil Sci. 2001; 166(6): 387-394. https://journals.lww.com/soilsci/pages/default.aspx.
4. Zhang, Q., Zhou, Z., Zhao, W., Huang, G., Liu, G., Li, X. & Wu, J. Effect of slope position on leaf and fine root C, N and P stoichiometry and rhizosphere soil properties in Tectona grandis plantations. J Forestry Res. 2023; 34(6): 1997-2009. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11676-022-01582-2.
5. Sheidai Karkaj E., Sepehry A., Barani H., Motamedi J., Shahbazi F. Establishing a suitable soil quality index for semi-arid rangeland ecosystems in northwest of Iran. J Soil Sci Plant Nut. 2019; 19: 648-658. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42729-019-00065-4.
6. Bernáth J. Production ecology of secondary plant products. Herbs, spices, and medicinal plants. Rec Adv Bot Hort Pharm. 1986; 1: 185-234.‌ https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rK8PAReCOC&oi=fnd&pg=PA185&dq=14.%09Bern%C3%A1th+J.+Production+ecology+of+secondary+plant+products.+Herbs,+spices,+and+medicinal+plants.+REC+ADV+BOT+HORT+PHARM.+1986%3B+1:+185234.%E2%80%8F&ots=Uha6LgtXU8&sig=mVVVxttYI7l2FVd0h_oLHhyw2Fo#v=onepage&q&f=false.
7. Lukas B., Schmiderer C., Novak J. Essential oil diversity of European Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae)..Phytochemistry 2015; 119: 32-40. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003194221530087X.
8. Younessi Hamzekhanlu M., Sanjari S., Dejahang A., Sheidai Karkaj E., Nojadeh M.S., Gönenç T.M., Ozturk M. Evaluation of essential oil from different Artemisia fragrans Willd. Populations: Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity. J Essent Oil Bear Pl. 2020; 23: 1218-1236. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0972060X.2020.1854129.
9. Formisano C., Delfine S., Oliviero F., Tenore G.C., Rigano D., Senatore F. Correlation among environmental factors, chemical composition and antioxidative properties of essential oil and extracts of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) collected in Molise (South-central Italy). Ind Crop Prod. 2015; 63: 256-263. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0926669014005871.
10. Singh R., Chemotaxonomy: a tool for plant classification. J Med Plants Stu. 2016; 90-93. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ram-Singh-69/publication/301670840_Chemotaxonomy_A_Tool_for_Plant_Classification/links/57961a6b08ae33e89fad7728/Chemotaxonomy-A-Tool-for-Plant-Classification.pdf.
11. Ramak P., Karimian V. Effects of planting times on the chemical compositions, antioxidant activity, and nutritional properties of Allium jesdianum Boiss. & Buhse leaves in Lorestan Province. ECOPERSIA 2023;11(3): 175-185. http://ecopersia.modares.ac.ir/article-24-50628-en.html.
12. Younessi-Hamzekhanlu M., Abdipour M., Dejahang A., Sabzi-Nojadeh M., Amani M. Herbals used in western Iran as food and for health treatments. In Biodiversity, conservation and sustainability in Asia: Volume 1: prospects and challenges in west Asia and Caucasus. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2021; 547-599. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59928-7_21
13. Amelie P., Naseri S., Rahmani A., Kalirad G., Ahadiyeh H. Medicinal plants of Kerman province. Iran Med Aro Pla Res. 2013; 20: 532-487. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20053152287.
14. Omidbeigi R. Production and processing of medicinal plants, Volume 1, Astan Quds Razavi Publications. 2009; 347 p. https://noorlib.ir/api/citation/getCitationFile?format=RefWorks&bookId=106645&language=fa&volumeNumber=1.
15. Mozaffarian V. Dictionary of Iranian plants. Publications of the Institute of Contemporary Culture, Tehran. 1996; 522 p. https://www.farhangmoaser.com/book.
16. Pashova S., Karcheva-Bahchevanska D., Ivanov K., Ivanova S. Genus Stachys—Phytochemistry, Traditional Medicinal Uses, and Future Perspectives. Molecules. 2024; 29(22): 5345. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29225345.
17. Lindqvist C., Albert V.A. Origin of the Hawaiian endemic mints within North American Stachys (Lamiaceae). Am J Bot. 2002; 89: 1709- 1724. https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3732/ajb.89.10.1709.
18. Mohammadi, H., Aghaee, A., Pormohammad, P., Ghorbanpour, M., Hazrati, S. Physiological reaction and chemical composition of Stachys schtschegleevii Sosn. essential oil under water deficit. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus. 2022; 21(2): 103–114. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2022.2.9c.
19. Aboukhalid K., Al Faiz C., Douaik A., Bakha M., Kursa K., Agacka Mołdoch M., Machon N., Tomi F., Lamiri A. Influence of environmental factors on essential oil variability in Origanum compactum Benth. growing wild in Morocco. Chem Biodivers. 2017; 14: e1700158. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cbdv.201700158.
20. Aldibekova A., Kurmanbayeva M., Aksoy A., Permitina V., Dimeyeva L., Zverev N. Anatomical structure and phytochemical composition of a rare species Fraxinus sogdiana Bunge (Oleaceae) growing in different soils in Kazakhstan. Diversity. 2023; 15(6): 769. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/15/6/769.
21. Santos P.V.L., Ellen de Nazaré S., de Sousa Barroso A., Mourão R.H.V., Setzer W.N., da Silva J.K., do Nascimento W.M.O., da Costa J.S., Figueiredo P.L.B. Chemometric analysis of the seasonal variation in the essential oil composition of Psidium acutangulum Mart. ex DC. growing in the Brazilian Amazon. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2022; 105: 104528. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030519782200148X.
22. Sadeghi S., Mohammadi M., Salehi A. Influence of soil and topographical factors on the phytochemical composition of wild medicinal plants in the Zagros Mountains. J Plant Ecol. 2018; 47(2): 121-134.
23. Ashrafzadeh M., Niknahad – Gharmakher H. Saharkhiz MJ., Ghorbani Nohoji M. Effects of Phenological stages and ecological factors on secondary metabolites of Clematis ispahanica Boiss. ECOPERSIA 2023; 11(2): 93-104. http://ecopersia.modares.ac.ir/article-24-59480-en.html
24. Dehghani Bidgoli R. Essential oil Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Artemisia sieberi Besser in Two Enclosure and Grazed Sites at Three Phenological Stages. ECOPERSIA 2019; 7(1): 13-20. http://ecopersia.modares.ac.ir/article-24-15372-en.html
25. Morteza Semnani K., Saeedi M. Mahdavi M.R. Rahimi F. Antimicrobial effects of methanolic extracts of some species of Stachys and Phlomis. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2007; 17(57): 57-66. http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-198-en.html.
26. Ullah I., Adnan M., Begum S., Nazir R., Javed T., Aziz M.A. Effects of ecological factors on phytochemical and nutritional composition of Caralluma tuberculata N.E.Br. (Apteranthes tuberculata (N.E.Br.) Meve & Liede). Biocem Syst Ecol. 2022; 105: 104518. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197822001387.
27. Odisho S. Ecological regions of the Iran, vegetation Types of Khoy-Salmas area. Publications of Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands. 1997; 60 p. https://press-rifr.areeo.ac.ir/.
28. Benjamin M.A.Z., Ng S.Y. Saikim F.H. Rusdi N.A. The effects of drying techniques on phytochemical contents and biological activities on selected bamboo leaves. Molecules. 2022; 27: 6458. https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/19/6458.
29. Boulding J.R. Description and sampling of contaminated soils: a field guide. Crc Press. 2017. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781315140926/description-sampling-contaminated-soils-russell-boulding.
30. Carter M.R., Gregorich E.G. Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science. CRC Press, 2008; Taylor and Francis Group Boca Raton FL. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781420005271/soil-sampling-methods-analysis-gregorich-carter
31. Gee G.W., and Or D. Particle‐size analysis. Methods of soil analysis: Part 4 physical methods 2002; 5: 255-293. https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2136/sssabookser5.4.c12.
32. Hill M.O., and Gauch H.G. Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique, Vegetatio, 1980; 42: 47-58. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/Bf00048870.
33. Jongman R.H.G. Ter Braak C.J.F. Van Tongeren O.F.R. Data analysis in community and landscape ecology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. 1995. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Oy8F3oVGPeIC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=41.%09Jongman+R.H.G.+Ter+Braak+C.J.F.+Van+Tongeren+O.F.R.+Data+analysis+in+community+and+landscape+ecology,+Cambridge+University+Press,+Cambridge,+England.+1995.&ots=GJuB0aJ6Y-&sig=ZVRm_WpW8ik08quhR21LGlLVIWY.
34. Motamedi J., Sheidai Karkaj E., Zarei Barenji M.Z. The association pattern of structural and biomass traits of Capparis spinosa L. with topographic and soil factors. Acta Ecol Sin. 2020; 40(2): 145-152. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1872203218302427.
35. Lepš J., Šmilauer P. Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DYfseIcJBc8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=43.%09Lep%C5%A1+J,+%C5%A0milauer+P.+Multivariate+analysis+of+ecological+data+using+CANOCO.+Cambridge:+Cambridge+University+Press.+2003.&ots=9kTPTiDfl&sig=Rlx4XXv8GXSy9AT7XRtnIPORdFM#v=onepage&q=43.%09Lep%C5%A1%20J%2C%20%C5%A0milauer%20P.%20Multivariate%20analysis%20of%20ecological%20data%20using%20CANOCO.%20Cambridge%3A%20Cambridge%20University%20Press.%202003.&f=false.
36. Li X., Li Y., Chen A., Gao M., Slette I.J., Piao S. The impact of the 2009/2010 drought on vegetation growth and terrestrial carbon balance in Southwest China. Agr Forest Meteorol. 2019; 269: 239-248. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192319300449.
37. Figueiredo A.C., Barroso J.G., Pedro L.G., Scheffer J.J. Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Frag J. 2008; 23: 213-226. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ffj.1875.
38. El Keltawi N.E., Croteau R. Salinity depression of growth and essential oil formation in spearmint and marjoram and its reversal by foliar applied cytokinin. Phytochemistry. 1987; 26(5): 1333-1334. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942200818063.
39. Ozturk A., Unlukara A., Ipek A., Gurbuz B. Effects of salt stress and water deficit on plant growth and essential oil content of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Pakistan J Bot. 2004; 36: 787-792. http://pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/36(4)/PJB36(4)787.pdf.
40. Imani Dizjikan Y., Ebrahimi Gajoti T., Abdi Ghazi Jahan, A. Investigating the pattern of quantitative and qualitative changes in the essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Čelak. under the influence of the soil of the habitat area in East Azerbaijan. Iranian Biol J. 2019; 33: 257-265. https://ijmapr.areeo.ac.ir/article_101791.html?lang=en.
41. Alimohammadi M., Yadegari M., Shirmardi H. A. Effect of elevation and phenological stages on essential oil composition of Stachys. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry. 2017; 42(6): 647-656.
https:/doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2016-0267.
42. Eman E. A. Hendawi S. T. El Din E.A. Omer E.A. Effect of soil type and irrigation intervals on plant growth, essential oil yield and constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. plant. Am. -Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 2008; 4(4): 443-450. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20093026072.
43. Baczek K., Kosavowska O., Jaroslaw L, Przibil Z. Accumulation of phenolic compounds in the purple betony herb (Stachys officinalis L.) originated from cultivation. Herbal Botanica. 2016; 62:7–16. https://herbapolonica.pl/article/532656/en.
44. Jafari N., Naderi P.A., Ebrahimzadeh M.A. Measurement of total phenol and flavonoid content and investigation of antioxidant properties of fig (Ficus carica L.) and larg (Pterocarya fraxinifolia) leaf extracts by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Iranian J Biol. 2014; 25: 1-16. https://www.magiran.com/paper/1488464/evaluation-of-phenolic-content-total-flavonoid-and-survey-of-antioxidant-activity-of-leaves-of-ficus-carica-and-pterocarya-fraxinifolia-trees-using-spectrophotometry-and-high-performance-liquid-chromatograph-methods?lang=en.
45. Carey D.B., and Wink M. Elevational variation of quinolizidine alkaloid contents in a lupine (Lupinus argenteus Pursh) of the Rocky Mountains. J Chem Ecol. 1994; 20: 849-857. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02059582.
46. Demasi S., Caser M., Lonati M., Cioni P.L., Pistelli L., Najar B., Scariot V. Latitude and altitude influence secondary metabolite production in peripheral alpine populations of the Mediterranean species Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Front Plant Sci. 2018; 9: 387787. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2018.00983/full.
47. Alibakhshi M., Mahdavi S.K.h., Mahmoudi J., Qalichnia H. Phytochemical evaluation of Stachys inflata Benth. Essential oil in different habitats of Mazandaran province. Ecophytochemistry Quarterly. 2013; 2: 56-68. https://www.sid.ir/paper/247875/fa.
48. Simon J.E., Reiss Bubenheim D., Joly R.J., Charles D.J. Water stress-induced alterations in essential oil content and composition of sweet basil. J Essent Oil Res. 19924; 71-75. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698013.
49. Rhizopoulou S, and Diamantoglou S. Water stress-induced diurnal variations in leaf water relations, stomatal conductance, soluble sugars, lipids and essential oil content of Origanum majorana L. J Hortic Sci. 1991; 66(1): 119-25. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00221589.1991.11516133.
50. Salehi M., Kolvandi R. Investigating the amount of changes in morphological and phytochemical characteristics of different populations of flounder (Stachys inflata Benth.) in Hamadan province. J Hortic Sci. 2019; 2: 260-247. https://jhs.um.ac.ir/article_37286.html?lang=en.
51. Mohammadi-Rad Z., Sheidai-Karkaj E., Mofidi-Chelan M., Younessi-Hamzekhanlu M. The relationship between the morphological traits of the medicinal plant Stachys inflata Benth and environmental factors. Rangeland. 2023; 17(1): 145-164 (in Persian with English abstract). http://rangelandsrm.ir/article-1-1172-fa.html.