Amino Acid Profile of Caspian Sea Carp (Cyprinus carpio) during Ontogenetic Development: Applications to Feed Formulation

Authors
A. Farhoudi 1
A. Abedian Kenari 2
R. Nazari 3
C. Makhdoomi 3
1 Former MSc. Student, Faculty of Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
2 Associate Proffesor, Faculty of Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
3 Shahid Rajaee Aquaculture Center, Sari, Iran
Abstract
Fish larvae have a high requirement of amino acid (AA) for energy production and growth. This study was aimed to increase knowledge of AA profile during feral carp larval ontogeny and estimate larval AA requirements. Larvae were collected randomly at 1, 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 26 and 33 days post hatch for growth and AA analysis. The composition of total AA changed significantly during ontogeny. The essential AA profile of marine carp showed low correlation with rotifers (R2=0.22). High correlation was found between dry food and early larval ages (R2≥0.7) but was lower in late stage (R2≥0.37). At day 7, when larvae were fed on rotifers, methionine seemed to be the limiting AA and when larvae were fed dry food at day 11, 15, 19, 26 and 33, arginine seemed to be the limiting AA. Larval indispensible AA profile can be used as index of the IAA requirements of carp larvae. Supplementation of larval diet used with limiting AA is one way for compensating the deficient amino acid.
Keywords
Cyprinus carpio
Feral carp
Amino acids
Larval growth
Ontogeny
Alam, Md.Sh., Teshima, Sh., Koshio, Sh. and Ishikawa, M. Arginine requirement of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus estimated by growth and biochemical parameters. Aquaculture. 2002; 205: 127-140.
Aragão, C., Conceição, L.E.C., Fyhn, H.J. and Dinis, M.T. Estimated amino acid requirements during early ontogeny in fish with different life styles: gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Senegale sole (Solea senegalensis). Aquaculture. 2004 a; 242: 589-605.
Aragão, C., Conceicão, L.E.C., Martins, D., Rønnestad, I., Gomes, E. and Dinis, T.M. A balanced dietary amino acid profile improves amino acid retention in post-larval Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Aquaculture. 2004 b; 233: 293-304. 
Cahu, C.L. and Zambonino Infante, J.L. Effect of the form of dietary nitrogen supply in seabass larvae: response of pancreatic enzymes and intestinal peptidases. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 1995; 14: 209-214.
Conceição, L.E.C., van der Meeren, T., Verreth, J.A.J., Evjen, M.S., Houlihan, D.F. and Fyhn, H.J. Amino acid metabolism and protein turnover in larval turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) fed natural zooplankton or Artemia. Mar. Biol. 1997; 129: 255-265.
Conceição, L.E.C. and Ozório, R.O.A., Suurd, E.A., Verreth, J.A.J. Amino acid profiles and amino acid utilization in larval African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): effects of ontogeny and temperature. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 1998; 19: 43-57.
Conceição, L.E.C., Grasdalen, H. and Rønnestad, I. Amino acid requirements of fish larvae and post-larvae: new tools and recent findings. Aquaculture. 2003; 227: 221-232.
Conceição, L.E.C., Morais, S. and Rønnestad, I. Tracers in fish larvae nutrition: A review of methods and applications. Aquaculture. 2007; 267: 62-75.
Conceição, L.E.C., Ozório, R.O.A., Suurd, E.A. and Verreth, J.A.J., Amino acid profiles and amino acid utilization in larval African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): effects of ontogeny and temperature. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 1998; 19: 43-58.
Conceição, L.EC., Ribeiro, L., Engrola, S., Aragão, C., Morais, S., Lacuisse, M., Soares, F. and Dinis, M.T. Nutritional physiology during development of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Aquaculture. 2007; 268: 64-81. 
Finn, R.N. and Fyhn, H.J. Requirement for amino acids in ontogeny of fish. Aquac. Res., 2010; 41: 684-716.
Finn, R.N., Rønnestad, I., van der Meeren, T. and Fyhn, H.J. Fuel and metabolic scaling during the early life stages of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 2002; 243: 217-234.
Flynn, K.J. Some practical aspects of measurements of dissolved free amino acids in natural waters and within microalgae by the use of HPLC. Chem. Ecol., 1988; 3: 269-293. 
Gisbert, E., Giménez, G., Fernández, I., Kotzamanis, Y. and Estévez, A., Development of digestive enzymes in common dentex  Dentex dentex during early ontogeny. Aquaculture. 2009; 287: 381-387.
Gómez-Requeni, P., Mingarro, M., Kirchner, S., Calduch-Giner, J.A., Médale, F., Corraze, G., Panserat, S., Martin, S.A.M., Houlihan, D.F., Kaushik, S.J. and Pérez-Sánchez, J. Effects of dietary amino acid profile on growth performance, key metabolic enzymes and somatotropic axis responsiveness of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture. 2003; 220: 749-767.
Gunasekera, R.M., De Silva, S.S. and Ingram, B.A. The amino acid profiles in developing eggs and larvae of the freshwater Percichthyid fishes, trout cod, Maccullochella macquariensis and Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii. Aquat. Living Resour. 1999; 12(4): 255-261.
Kasper, C.S., White, M.R. and Brawn, P.B. 2000.Choline is required by tilapia when methionine is not in excess. J. Nutr. 130: 238-244.
Lindroth P. and Mopper K. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of subpicomole amounts of amino acids by precolumn fluorescence derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde. Analyt Chem, 1979; 51: 1667-74.
Luo, Z., Liu, Y., Mai, K., Tian, L., Yang, H., Tan, X. and Liu, D. Dietary L-methionine requirement of juvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides at a constant dietary cystine level. Aquaculture. 2005; 249: 409-418.
Mambrini, M. and Kaushik, S.J. Indispensable amino acid requirements of fish: correspondence between quantitative data and amino acid profiles of tissue proteins. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 1995; 11: 240-247.
Parra, G., Rønnestad, I. and Yúfera, M., 1999. Energy metabolism in eggs and larvae of the Senegal sole. Fish. Biol., 55 A: 205-214.
Peñaflorida, V. An evaluation of in digenous protein sources as potential component in the diet formulation for tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon ,using essential amino acid index (EAAI). Aquaculture. 1989; 83: 319-330.
Rønnestad, I., Finn, R.N., Groot, E.P. and Fyhn, H.J., Utilization of free amino acids related to energy metabolism of developing eggs and larvae of lemon sole Microstomus kitt reared in the laboratory. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1992; 88: 195-205.
Rønnestad, I., Tonheim, S.K., Fyhn, H.J., Rojas-García, C.R., Kamisaka, Y., Koven, W., Finn, R.N., Terjesen, B.F., Barr, Y. and Conceiçáo, L.E.C. The supply of amino acids during early feeding stages of marine fish larvae: a review of recent findings. Aquaculture. 2003; 227: 147-164.
Saavedra, M., Beltran, M., Pousão-Ferreira, P., Blasco, J., Dinis, M.T. and Conceição, L.E.C., Evaluation of bioavailability of individual amino acids in Diplodus puntazzo larvae: Towards the ideal dietary amino acid profile. Aquaculture. 2007; 263: 192-198.
Saavedra, M., Conceição, L.E.C., Helland, S., Pousão-Ferreira, P. and Dinis, M.T. Effect of lysine and tyrosine supplementation in the amino acid metabolism of Diplodus sargus larvae fed rotifers. Aquaculture. 2008; 284: 180-184.
Saavedra, M., Conceição, L.E.C., Pousão-Ferreira, P. and Dinis., M.T. Amino acid profiles of Diplodus sargus (L., 1758) larvae: Implications for feed formulation. Aquaculture. 2006; 261: 587-593.
Saavedra, M., Pousão-Ferreira, P., Yúfera, M., Dinis, M.T. and Conceição, L.E.C. A balanced amino acid diet improves Diplodus sargus larval quality and reduces nitrogen excretion. Aquacult. Nutr., 2009; 15: 517-524.
Sivaloganathan, B., Walford, J., Ip, Y.K. and Lam, T.J. Free amino acids and energy metabolism in eggs and larvae of seabass, Lates calcarifer. Mar. Biol., 1998; 131: 695-702.
Srivastava, K., Brown, J.A. and Shahidi, F. Changes in the amino acid pool during embryonic development of cultured and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture. 1995; 131: 115-124.
Tulli, F. and Tibaldi, E., Changes in amino acids and essential fatty acids during early larval rearing of dentex. Aquac. Int. 1997; 5: 229-236.
Ventura, M. and Catalan, J. Variability in amino acid composition of alpine crustacean zooplankton and its relationship with nitrogen-15 fractionation. J. Plankton. Res., 2010; 32:  2: 1583-1597.
Wilson, R.P. Amino acids and proteins. In: Halver, J.E. (Ed.), Fish Nutrition, 2 nd edn. Academic Press, New York, 1989; 112-153.
Wilson, R.P. and Poe, W.E. Relationship of whole body and egg essential amino acid patterns in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Comp. Biochem. Phsiol., Part B, 1985; 80: 385-388.
ECOPERSIA
Volume 1, Issue 3 - Serial Number 5
September 2013
Pages 261-271