Volume 7, Issue 1 (2019)
ECOPERSIA 2019, 7(1): 59-67 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Zamanpoore M, Daremipouran M, Ghaed-Abdi M, Ahmadi N. Chemical and Physical Properties of Maharlu Salt Lake (Iran) Prior to an Extensive Drought. ECOPERSIA 2019; 7 (1) :59-67
URL: http://ecopersia.modares.ac.ir/article-24-22806-en.html
URL: http://ecopersia.modares.ac.ir/article-24-22806-en.html
1- Hydrobiology Department, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Shiraz, Iran , m.zamanpoore@areeo.ac.ir
2- Genetics Department, Medicine Faculty, Howard University, Washington, United States
3- Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
4- Hydrobiology Department, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Shiraz, Iran
2- Genetics Department, Medicine Faculty, Howard University, Washington, United States
3- Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
4- Hydrobiology Department, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Shiraz, Iran
Abstract: (5892 Views)
Aims: The ecology of Maharlu Lake is of great importance, especially in relation to the continuous addition of a reasonable volume of municipal and industrial effluents to it. To improve our knowledge about lake's ecology, mineral nutrients and heavy metal concentrations, among some other physical and chemical factors, are investigated.
Materials & Methods: 3 stations were selected in the lake and critical factors were measured monthly from January 2000 to December 2001. Main physical and chemical properties included temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, CO2, conductivity, salinity, dissolved solids, and concentration of major ions, including carbonate and bicarbonate, phosphate, nitrite and nitrate, calcium and total hardness, chloride, and alkalinity, and heavy metals as Co, Cd, Pb, and Hg.
Findings: Averages of pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, electrical conductivity, and dissolved CO2 were 7.9, 2.9mgL-1, 290gL-1, 375mscm-1, 342mgL-1, and 63mgL-1, respectively. The highest concentrations of heavy metals were 23μgL-1 for As, 303μgL-1 for Co, 970μgL-1 for Cd, 8510μgL-1 for Pb, and 25μgL-1 for Hg.
Conclusion: Essential factors of the lake are in accordance with the soil of the catchment area, but they are in many cases altered under local attributes like precipitation, irradiation, evaporation, and deposits, as well as living elements of the lake’s ecological network, as the consequences of activities of bacteria in biological processing of nitrogen and phosphorus, etc. After this research, Maharlu Lake was totally dried up, never filled again. So, the results of this investigation can be regarded as the last record of the lake situation prior to its current complete drought condition.
Materials & Methods: 3 stations were selected in the lake and critical factors were measured monthly from January 2000 to December 2001. Main physical and chemical properties included temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, CO2, conductivity, salinity, dissolved solids, and concentration of major ions, including carbonate and bicarbonate, phosphate, nitrite and nitrate, calcium and total hardness, chloride, and alkalinity, and heavy metals as Co, Cd, Pb, and Hg.
Findings: Averages of pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, electrical conductivity, and dissolved CO2 were 7.9, 2.9mgL-1, 290gL-1, 375mscm-1, 342mgL-1, and 63mgL-1, respectively. The highest concentrations of heavy metals were 23μgL-1 for As, 303μgL-1 for Co, 970μgL-1 for Cd, 8510μgL-1 for Pb, and 25μgL-1 for Hg.
Conclusion: Essential factors of the lake are in accordance with the soil of the catchment area, but they are in many cases altered under local attributes like precipitation, irradiation, evaporation, and deposits, as well as living elements of the lake’s ecological network, as the consequences of activities of bacteria in biological processing of nitrogen and phosphorus, etc. After this research, Maharlu Lake was totally dried up, never filled again. So, the results of this investigation can be regarded as the last record of the lake situation prior to its current complete drought condition.
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Aquatic Ecology
Received: 2018/07/7 | Accepted: 2018/10/13 | Published: 2019/10/20
Received: 2018/07/7 | Accepted: 2018/10/13 | Published: 2019/10/20
References
1. Waiser MJ, Robarts RD. Saline inland waters. In: Likens GE, editor. Lake ecosystem ecology: A global perspective. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2010. pp. 230-41. [Link]
2. Zamanpoore M. Study and identification of polluting factors in Maharlu Lake. 1st ed. Shiraz: Publications of the Iranian Institute of Fisheries Sciences; 2012. [Persian] [Link]
3. Zomorrodian MJ, Khakpour M, Velayati S. Analysis of hydro-geomorphic landforms of lake Maharlu basin, based on interactive relation of morphotectonic, morphoclimatic and hydro-morphic processes. J Geogr Reg Dev. 2012;10(19):47-70. [Persian] [Link]
4. Ghahari G. Climatology of Maharlu wetland [Internet]. Shiraz: Fars Province Department of Environmental Protection; 2014 [cited 2017 Sep 7]. [Link]
5. Cowardin LM, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Services Program US. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats in the United States. Washington DC: Fish and Wildlife Service/United States Department of the Interior; 1979. [Link]
6. Manaffar R, Falahati A, Moshtagiyan A, Mosavi SM, Atashbar B, Asem AR. First report for existence of Artemia franciscana coexistence with endemic parthenogenetic Artemia population in inside of the lake Maharlu, Iran. Conference of world aquaculture, May 19-23, 2008, Busan, Korea. Valley Center CA: World Aquaculture Society; 2008. [Link]
7. Fars Province Department of the Environment. Survey of the sources polluting water and soil, Rudkhoshk, Shiraz, report of research project [Internet]. Shiraz: Fars Province Department of the Environment; 1987 [cited 2010 jul 25]. [Link]
8. Samiei M, Ghazavi R, Pakparvar M, Vali AA. The effect of climate change on Maharlo lake level change using satellite image processing. RS GIS Nat Resour. 2017;8(1):1¬-18. [Persian] [Link]
9. Shahian R, Jame A, Arianfar R, Haghighat M, Dehghan H. Assessment of the drought crisis threshold of in the Fars province of using the Standard Precipitation Index and the Geographic Information System. Water Eng. 2009;2(4):33-42. [Persian] [Link]
10. Fotuhi S, Mesbah SH, Sadri S. Identifying and analyzing risk matrix of maharlu wetland and its outcomes in the environment. J Wet Ecobiol. 2014;6(20): 44–54. [Link]
11. Pirmoradian N, Shamsnia SA, Boustani F, Shahrokhnia MA. Evaluation of drought return period using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in Fars province, Iran. Agroecol J. 2009;4(13):7-21. [Persian] [Link]
12. Dumas D, Mietton M, Humbert J. Hydroclimatic balance of the Maharlu lake depression (Iran). Sécheresse. 2003;14(4):219-26. [France] [Link]
13. Alavi M. Structures of the Zagros fold-thrust belt in Iran. Am J Sci. 2007;307(9):1064-95. [Link] [DOI:10.2475/09.2007.02]
14. Berberian M. An explanatory note on the first seismotectonic map of Iran, a seismotectonic review of the country. In: Berberian M. Contribution to the seismotectonics of Iran (part II-III): In commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Pahlavi dynasty. Tehran: Ministry of Industry and Mines/Geological Survey of Iran; 1976. [Link]
15. Berberian M. Natural hazards and the first earthquake catalogue of Iran: Historical hazards in Iran prior to 1900. 1st Volume. Tehran: International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology; 1994. [Link]
16. Stocklin J. Structural history and tectonics of Iran: A review. AAPG Bull. 1968;52(7):1229-58. [Link]
17. Mesbah H, Kowsar A, Zare M, Ghadimi F, Amidi J. Investigation on sediment source in Maharlu lake. Tehran: Soil and Watershed Conservation Institute; 2011. [Persian] [Link]
18. Planning and Budget Organization. Economic and social conditions of Fars province: Water resource development in the basin of Maharloo lake. 1st Edition. Shiraz: Publications of the Government of Fars; 1992. [Persian] [Link]
19. Greenberg AE, Clesceri LS, Eaton AD, editors. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 8th Edition. Washington DC: American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation; 1992. [Link]
20. Fars Province Department of Climatology (Databank). Digital archive. Digital Archive of the period 200–2001. Shiraz: Department of Climatology; 2018. [Language?] 23- Wetzel RG, Likens GE. Limnological analyses. 3rd Edition. New York: Springer Science & Business Media; 2000. [Link]
21. Heidelberg KB, Nelson WC, Holm JB, Eisenkolb N, Andrade K, Emerson JB. Characterization of eukaryotic microbial diversity in hypersaline lake Tyrrell, Australia. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:115. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00115]
22. Oren A. The ecology of Dunaliella in high-salt environments. J Biol Res (Thessalon). 2014;21(1):23. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/s40709-014-0023-y]
23. Wetzel RG, Likens GE. Limnological analyses. 3rd Edition. New York: Springer Science & Business Media; 2000. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4757-3250-4]
24. Hafezieh M. Study of the biology and population density of Artemia in Maharlu Lake (Fars, Shiraz). Iran J Fish Sci. [Persian] [Link]
25. Owji R. A study of the environment of Maharlu Lake, Shiraz [Dissertation]. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 1994. [Persian] [Link]
26. Sedighi E. Investigation on geological and wastewater pollution to Rudkhoshk river and Maharlu lake, with emphasis on heavy metal pollution [Dissertation]. Shiraz: Shiraz University; 1999. [Link]
27. Zareian GR, Farpoor MH, Hejazi Mehrizi M, Jafari A. Kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium release in selected soil orders of Southern Iran. Soil Water Res. 2018;13(4):200-7. [Link] [DOI:10.17221/138/2017-SWR]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |