Volume 9, Issue 2 (2021)
ECOPERSIA 2021, 9(2): 79-93 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Davoudi Moghaddam D, Haghizadeh A, Tahmasebipour N, Zeinivand H. Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Analysis of a Semi-Arid River for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes Using Water Quality Indices and GIS. ECOPERSIA 2021; 9 (2) :79-93
URL: http://ecopersia.modares.ac.ir/article-24-39920-en.html
URL: http://ecopersia.modares.ac.ir/article-24-39920-en.html
1- Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
2- Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran , haghizadeh.a@lu.ac.ir
2- Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran , haghizadeh.a@lu.ac.ir
Abstract: (2184 Views)
Aims: This study aimed to assess the water quality of Ardak River and analyze its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes.
Materials & Methods: In this research, water samples were collected during dry and wet seasons in 2018 from previously selected 5 sampling stations. Then, the water quality index (WQI) and irrigation-related indices were calculated.
Findings: The calculated WQI values are between 156.77 and 379.59 in the study area, which shows the water quality of Ardak River is in the “poor” to “unsuitable for drinking” range both periods. The effects of water quality parameters on the WQI were evaluated, and the obtained outcomes indicate that the highest mean effective weight value belongs to the fecal coliform and phosphate parameters compared to the other parameters. Furthermore, various indices such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelly’s index (KI), and Permeability index (PI) were used to assess river water quality for irrigation purposes. The results indicate that the river water quality is generally moderately suitable to safe with exceptions at a few sampling stations in the dry season, which are unsuitable for irrigation purposes.
Conclusion: Due to the negative effects of anthropogenic pollutants such as animal husbandry, intensive agricultural activities, and rural wastewater discharging, the water quality of the Ardak River is deteriorating. Therefore, necessary protection steps should be taken in the Ardak Watershed.
Materials & Methods: In this research, water samples were collected during dry and wet seasons in 2018 from previously selected 5 sampling stations. Then, the water quality index (WQI) and irrigation-related indices were calculated.
Findings: The calculated WQI values are between 156.77 and 379.59 in the study area, which shows the water quality of Ardak River is in the “poor” to “unsuitable for drinking” range both periods. The effects of water quality parameters on the WQI were evaluated, and the obtained outcomes indicate that the highest mean effective weight value belongs to the fecal coliform and phosphate parameters compared to the other parameters. Furthermore, various indices such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelly’s index (KI), and Permeability index (PI) were used to assess river water quality for irrigation purposes. The results indicate that the river water quality is generally moderately suitable to safe with exceptions at a few sampling stations in the dry season, which are unsuitable for irrigation purposes.
Conclusion: Due to the negative effects of anthropogenic pollutants such as animal husbandry, intensive agricultural activities, and rural wastewater discharging, the water quality of the Ardak River is deteriorating. Therefore, necessary protection steps should be taken in the Ardak Watershed.
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Pollution (Soil, Water and Air)
Received: 2020/01/15 | Accepted: 2020/04/12 | Published: 2020/10/31
Received: 2020/01/15 | Accepted: 2020/04/12 | Published: 2020/10/31
References
1. Kumar B, Singh UK. Source apportionment of heavy metals and their ecological risk in a tropical river basin system. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2018;25(25):25443-57. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s11356-018-2480-6]
2. Kawo NS, Shankar K. Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index and GIS technique in Modjo river basin, central Ethiopia. J Afr Earth Sci. 2018;147(1):300-11. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.06.034]
3. Wagh VM, Mukate SV, Panaskar DB, Muley AA, Sahu UL. Study of groundwater hydrochemistry and drinking suitability through Water quality index (WQI) modeling in Kadava river basin, India. S.N. Appl Sci. 2019;1;1251. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s42452-019-1268-8]
4. Karuppannan S, Kawo NS. Groundwater quality assessment using geospatial techniques and WQI in north east of Adama Town, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Hydrosp Anal. 2019;3(1),22-36. [Link] [DOI:10.21523/gcj3.19030103]
5. Pirali Zefrehei A, Fallah M, Hedayati SA. Spatial‐temporal modeling of qualitative parameters and land use status in Anzali international wetland using GIS technique. Ecopersia. 2019;7(4):223-31. ePersian] [Link]
6. Lkr A, Singh MR, Puro N. Assessment of water quality status of Doyang river, Nagaland, India, using water quality index. Appl Water Sci. 2020;10:46. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s13201-019-1133-3]
7. Barakat A, Baghdadi ME, Rais J, Aghezzaf B, Slassi M. Assessment of spatial and seasonal water quality variation of Oum Er Rbia river (Morocco) using multivariate statistical techniques. Int Soil Water Conserv Res. 2016;4(4):284-92 [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.iswcr.2016.11.002]
8. Ombaka O, Gichumbi JM. Water quality assessment of Ruguti river in Meru South, Kenya. Int J Water Resour Environ Eng. 2012;4(12):404-14. [Link]
9. Yan CA, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Deng C, Nie N. Assessment of water quality and identification of polluted risky regions based on field observations and GIS in the Honghe river watershed, China. Plos One. 2015;10(3):0119130. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119130]
10. Horton RK. An index number system for rating water quality. J Water Pollut Control Fed. 1965;37(3):300-5. [Link]
11. Brown RM, McClelIand NI, Deininger RA, O'Connor MF. A water quality index-crashing the physiological barrier. Indic Environ Qual. 1972;1(1):173-82.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1698-5_15 [Link] [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4684-2856-8_15]
12. Debels P, Figueroa R, Urrutia R, Barra R, Niell X. Evaluation of water quality in the Chillan river (central chile) using physicochemical parameters and a modified water quality index. Environ Monit Assess. 2005;110(1-3):301-22. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10661-005-8064-1]
13. Lumb A, Sharma TC, Bibeault JF. A review of genesis and evolution of water quality index (WQI) and some future directions. Water Qual Expo Health. 2011;3(1):11-24. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s12403-011-0040-0]
14. Noori R, Berndtsson R, Hosseinzadeh M, Adamowski JF, Rabiee Abyaneh M. A critical review on the application of the national sanitation foundation water quality index. Environ Pollut. 2018;244:575-87. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.076]
15. Bilgin A. Evaluation of surface water quality by using Canadian council of ministers of the environment water quality index (CCME WQI) method and discriminant analysis method: A case study Coruh river basin. Environ Monit Assess. 2018;190(9):554. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10661-018-6927-5]
16. Sener S, Sener E, Davraz A. Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu river (SW-Turkey). Sci Total Environ. 2017;584-585:131-44 [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.102]
17. Wu Z, Wang X, Chen Y, Cai Y, Deng J. Assessing river water quality using water quality index in Lake Taihu Basin, China. Sci Total Environ. 2018;612:914-22. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.293]
18. Tian Y, Jiang Y, Liu Q, Dong M, Xu D, Liu Y, et al. Using a water quality index to assess the water quality of the upper and middle streams of the Luanhe river, northern China. Sci Total Environ. 2019;667(1):142-51. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.356]
19. Ajorlo M, Abdullah R. Assessment of stream water quality in tropical grassland using water quality index. Ecopersia. 2014;2(1):427-40. [Persian] [Link]
20. Ewaid SH, Abed SA. Water quality index for Al-Gharraf river, southern Iraq. Egypt J Aquat Res. 2017;43(1):117-22. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ejar.2017.03.001]
21. Ebrahimi E, Fathi P, Ghodrati F, Naderi M, Pirali A. Assessment of Tajan river water quality with the use of biological and quality indicators. Iran J Fish Sci. 2018;26(5):139-51. [Persian] [Link]
22. Hosseini H, Shakeri A, Rezaei M, Dashti Barmaki M, Shahraki M. Application of water quality index (WQI) and hydro-geochemistry for surface water quality assessment, chahnimeh reservoirs in the Sistan and Baluchestan province. Iran J Health Environ. 2019;11(4):575-86. [Persian] [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s42108-019-00051-7]
23. Moravej M, Karimirad I, Ebrahimi K. Evaluation of Karun river water quality status based on water quality index and involving GIS environment. Iran J Ecohydrol. 2017;4(1):225-35. [Persian] [Link]
24. Allison LE, Richards LA. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Washington: US Department of Agri; 1954. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/00010694-195408000-00012]
25. Mandal SK, Dutta SK, Pramanik S, Kole RK. Assessment of river water quality for agricultural irrigation. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2019;16:451-62. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s13762-018-1657-3]
26. Mir A, Piri J, Kisi O. Spatial monitoring and zoning water quality of Sistan river in the wet and dry years using GIS and geostatistics. Comput Electron Agric. 2017;135(1):38-50. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.compag.2017.01.022]
27. Haldar K, Kujawa-Roeleveld K, Dey P, Bosu S, Datta DK, Rijnaarts HHM. Spatio-temporal variations in chemical-physical water quality parameters influencing water reuse for irrigated agriculture in tropical urbanized deltas. Sci Total Environ. 2020;708:134559. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134559]
28. Kundu R, Ara H. Irrigation water quality assessment of Chitra river, southwest Bangladesh. J Geosci Environ Prot. 2019;7(4):175-91. [Link] [DOI:10.4236/gep.2019.74011]
29. Tomaz A, Palma P, Fialho S, Lima A, Alvarenga P, Potes M, et al. Spatial and temporal dynamics of irrigation water quality under drought conditions in a large reservoir in southern Portugal. Environ Monit Assess. 2020;192:93. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10661-019-8048-1]
30. Neisi L, Tishehzan P. Evaluation of the quality of irrigation water of downstream of the Zard river using statistical analysis. J Water Soil Sci. 2019;23(3):81-93. [Link] [DOI:10.47176/jwss.23.3.20482]
31. Sabzevari Y, Nasrollahi AH, Alizadeh F. Evaluation of water quality in Kashkan river for agricultural purposes and implementation of drip irrigation systems. Entrep Res Approach Agric. 2020;2(1):51-9. [Link]
32. Rakotondrabe F, Ngoupayou JRN, Mfonka Z, Rasolomanana EH, Abolo AJN, Ako A.A. Water quality assessment in the Bétaré-Oya gold mining area (east-Cameroon): Multivariate statistical analysis approach. Sci Total Environ. 2018;610-611:831-44. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.080]
33. Rice EW, Baird RB, Eaton AD. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation; 2017. [Link]
34. Sahu P, Sikdar PK. Hydrochemical framework of the aquifer in and around east Kolkata wetlands, west Bengal, India. Environ Geol. 2008;55:823-35. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00254-007-1034-x]
35. Yidana SM, Yidana A. Assessing water quality using water quality index and multivariate analysis. Environ Earth Sci. 2010;59(1):1461-73. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s12665-009-0132-3]
36. Varol S, Davraz A. Assessment of geochemistry and hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater of the Tefenni plain (Burdur/Turkey). Environ Earth Sci. 2014;71:4657-73. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s12665-013-2856-3]
37. World health organization. Guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva: WHO; 2011. [Link]
38. Belkhiri L, Boudoukha A, Mouni L. A multivariate statistical analysis of groundwater chemistry data. Int J Environ Res. 2001;5(2):537-44. [Link]
39. Mudgal KD, Kumari M, Sharma DK. Hydrochemical analysis of drinking water quality of Alwar district, Rajasthan. Nat Sci. 2009;7(2):30-9. [Link]
40. Motsara MR, Roy RN. Guide for laboratory establishment for plant nutrient analysis. Rome: FAO; 2008. [Link]
41. Haritash AK, Gaur S, Garg S. Assessment of water quality and suitability analysis of river Ganga in Rishikesh, India. Appl Water Sci. 2016;6:383-92. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s13201-014-0235-1]
42. Sundaray SK, Nayak BB, Bhatta D. Environmental studies on river water quality with reference to suitability for agricultural purposes: Mahanadi river estuarine system, India-a case study. Environ Monit Assess. 2009;155(1-4):227-43. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10661-008-0431-2]
43. Rabeiy RE. Assessment and modeling of groundwater quality using WQI and GIS in upper Egypt area. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2018;25:30808-17. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s11356-017-8617-1]
44. Eaton FM. Significance of carbonates in irrigated waters. Soil Sci. 1950;69(2):123-34. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/00010694-195002000-00004]
45. RamyaPriya R, Elango L. Evaluation of geogenic and anthropogenic impacts on spatio-temporal variation in quality of surface water and groundwater along Cauvery river, India. Environ Earth Sci. 2018;77:2. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s12665-017-7176-6]
46. Shil S, Singh UK, Mehta P. Water quality assessment of a tropical river using water quality index (WQI), multivariate statistical techniques and GIS. Appl Water Sci. 2019;9(1):168. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s13201-019-1045-2]
47. Mitch AA, Gasner KC, Mitch WA. Fecal coliform accumulation within a river subject to seasonally-disinfected wastewater discharges. Water Res. 2010;44(16):4776-82. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.060]
48. Culbertson CW, Huntington TG, Stoeckel DM, Caldwell JM, O'Donnell C. Water quality and sources of fecal coliform bacteria in the Meduxnekeag river, Houlton, Maine [Report]. Reston: USGS; 2013, 5144. [Link] [DOI:10.3133/sir20135144]
49. Bora M, Goswami DC. Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): Case study of the Kolong river, Assam, India. Appl Water Sci. 2017;7:3125-35. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s13201-016-0451-y]
50. Sun W, Xia C, Xu M, Guo J, Sun G. Application of modified water quality indices as indicators to assess the spatial and temporal trends of water quality in the Dongjiang river. Ecol Indic. 2016;66:306-12. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.01.054]
51. Amneera WA, Najib WAZ, Yusof SRM, Ragunathan S. Water quality index of Perlis river, Malaysia. Int J Civ Environ Eng. 2013;13(2):1-6. [Link]
52. Barakat A, El Baghdadi M, Rais J, Aghezzaf B, Slassi M. Assessment of spatial and seasonal water quality variation of Oum Er Rbia river (Morocco) using multivariate statistical techniques. Int Soil Water Conserv Res. 2016;4(4):284-92. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.iswcr.2016.11.002]
53. Roy K, Karim MR, Akter F, Islam MS, Ahmed K, Rahman M, et al. Hydrochemistry, water quality and land use signatures in an ephemeral tidal river: Implications in water management in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh. Appl Water Sci. 2018;8:78. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s13201-018-0706-x]
54. Shammi M, Hossain D, Kashem MA, Rahman M, Uddin KM. Assessment of irrigation water reuses potentiality of Dhaka export processing zone (DEPZ) wastewater and its impact on soil toxicity. Int J Environ Sci. 2014;4:719-29. [Link]
55. Potasznik A, Szymczyk S. Magnesium and Calcium concentrations in the surface water and bottom deposits of a river-lake system. J Elem. 2015;20(3):677-92. [Link] [DOI:10.5601/jelem.2014.19.4.788]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |