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Treatment of organic leachate is one the most controversial topics around the world which led this study to assess the efficiency of the combined oxidation and adsorption treatment (COAT) process in the treatment of leachate by considering local experiments. The removal of effluent parameters (TDS, COD, BOD) was enhanced by oxidizing the GAC surface as a catalyst with NaOH before the process and by ozone within the procedure as well. Assessing the interacting effect of operating variables (i.e., ozone concentration, GAC density, reaction time and pH) provides valuable information for optimization. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed. The optimized model’s circumstances are the reaction time of 30.77 min, ozone dosage of 141.29 mg/l, pH of 7.2, and the GAC density of 1.29 gr/cm³ with the predicted removal percentage of 51.63%,62.84% and 56.13% for TDS, COD and, BOD respectively.
 

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Conflagration of forests and rangelands is one of the most frequent events in Iran. It is regarded as one of the most important parts of land degradation that occurred due to range destruction and desertification. This study was conducted in Boroujerd, Lorestan Province in west of Iran in 2013 to determine the fire risk model. The data prepared for the study area involved the vegetation types, land use, elevation, slope, aspect, standard topographic map and mean annual climatic data (evaporation, rainfall and temperature). Landsat ETM+ data were used for the image analysis. Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) model was applied to weigh and generate the fire risk map. Results showed that the highest weight of factors has been given to the land use because land use contribute to the maximum extent due to inflammability factor. The second highest weight was related to rainfall since it caused the biomass growth (fuel factor). Land use and rain played important roles in the modeling of fire risk zonation. The third one was attributed to the evaporation because of fuel drying and highly inflammability. The other variables comparatively had less impact on fire risk. Based on the statistics achieved for different weight classes, the map was reclassified into five classes as very low, low, moderate, high and very high in order to generate fire risk area map. Also, final map showed that most of the fires which occurred in the last year (5 fire control points about 4812.323 ha) might be put in the firing class of very high risk. Finally, about 42353.36 ha of the total area fell in the class of very high fire risk. The results indicated that 90% of burned areas were located in high risk class.

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Drought is a complex natural phenomenon that can occur in any climate. Hydrologic drought in the river flow of arid and semi-arid areas causes serious shortages, threatens the quality of life, and impacts on the economy. Understanding this feature is then essential for the management of water resources. Hydrologic drought in the sense of deficient river flow is defined as the periods that river flow does not meet the needs of planned programs for system management. In the present study, changes in the monthly discharge of 14 hydrometric stations throughout the Gorganroud watershed over 30-year period (1980-2010) were studied. Then the deficit flow was determined based on threshold level method, and the results were analyzed. It was revealed that periods of severe shortages have happened in the very humid and semi-arid climates and the downstream of the study area, while longer periods (28 months) of low flows have occurred in the arid climate. The trend of severity and persistence in the central stations of the watershed was increasing. Also shortages occurred with greater frequency at the end of the study period, and river flow shortage during the years 1998-99, 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 has occurred in most of the stations. So in these years, flow deficit has happened in 50, 85.9, 64.3 and 92.8 %of the stations, respectively.

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The Zab river basin is locate in south of west Azarbaijan and north of Kurdistan province with total area equals 3527 km 2 .This river is flowing in the tectonic vally and slope instabilities occur frequently in center of this basin.Annually ,occurs of landslide and other type of mass movements cause of damages for roads , habitats and agriculture lands. This paper has attempted to evaluate and recognize these natural hazards and finally prepare hazard maps by applying Anbalagan method.The method of research in this paper are recognition and verify of landslide in field and determination of cause of their occurrence.The second stage is preparing factor maps and finally drawing slope instability zonation map.

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The Ligvan-chai basin is located on the north slope of Sahand mountain.The evolution of this basin is inseparable from the Sahand mountain transformation. Due to dominant of the perglacier and fluvial erosion systems, on the north slope of Sahand mountain, Mass movements, fluvial flows and flood are the morphogenic phenomena and the geomorphological hazards in the Ligvan-chai basin. These events threated the cities and rural settlements. They prevente to progress development programes. This study present the zonning of mass movements hazard on the Ligvan-chai .It try to mapping of the mass movemnts hazards and recognition of high hazard – low hazard regions, so that planners and managers lead to planning and accurate management of landuse.Therfore,it is possible the development of agricultural, settlements and industrial sections, in the area of faraway the geomorphological hazards. The zonning of mass movemnts hazard’s map draw by the digitaly topography maps (1: 250000 and 1:50000), geology and geomorphology maps,Remote sensing data,GIS(Arc/Inf and Arc/View). The variaibles are slope, distance of fault, distance of stream, distance of rurale, distance of route, precipitation, litology and landuse.Results indicated that , 36.11% of the study region is located on the medium zone–very high hazard,the point view of mass movements hazard.

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The landslide events on the slope of mountains catchment is the result of the activity of many processes and also the effects of many factors, such as litology, slope, land use, amount of precipitation, fault, road and stream. These factors play an important role on the landslide events in mountain region, but in a particular site ,a special factor always plays the major role on these events so that determining of this factor in the prevention action is of great importance .In Garangoo,s catchment, which has special differences in term of litological and geological characteristics and also in terms of the shape of connection between human and environment, the differences in these characteristics ,causes of the landslide events to be different. In this paper, regardeding the distribution of the landslides on nine map layers of the agents, map was event frequency calculated and special factor was selected on triggering of the landslide events ,by using a the determination of special factor method. In the final stage, using Arc/View was zonate the potential vulnerability area with the related landslide events. This calcution and zonation map showed that volcano ash and marl, that old and large landslides have been occurrend over these materials, are favorable areas for the landslides occurrence. On the other parts of Garangoo,s catchment, irrigation planting ,with disturbance outcome on the slope, has become the major triggering factor on the landslides occurrence.

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There are different methods for treatment of composting leachate. Parameters dictating which method to be chosen include quantity and quality of the leachate, required amount of treatment and economical issues. Integration of ozonation and GAC adsorption into a single process is one of the attractive methods for post treatment of wastewater. Therefore, post treatment of composting leachate by means of ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption was considered as the main objective of this study. This study was conducted in laboratory scale and in batch mode. The set-up of batch system consisted of a Plexiglas column with 20 mm inner diameter and 800 mm height. The tall height of the column provides the required contact time between ozone and pollutants. Ozone was supplied to the column through a diffuser sited at its bottom. The outlet gas of the reactor may contain some residual ozone and can cause air pollution. Therefore, it is dangerous for the people working nearby the reactor. Thus, the ozone in the gas phase leaving the column was removed by KI solution. All experiments were conducted at room temperature (24 ±2°C). The leachate used in this study was obtained from the effluent of the Leachate Treatment Plant of Rasht Composting Facility (Guilan, Iran). All the chemicals employed for analysis were analytical grade and obtained from the reliable companies. In order to conduct the experiments, after complete determination of the specifications of GAC as an adsorbent, different dosages of GAC were added to 800 mL of leachate with the given initial concentration and pH in the column. The pH value of the solution was adjusted by Sulfuric Acid or Sodium Hydroxide as needed. Then the ozone gas was introduced into the column and the samples were taken in different intervals of time. After that required parameters of the samples were measured. Ozone generator (ARDA-COG 5S) with 5 gr/hr nominal capacity was used to produce ozone gas from pure and dry oxygen. Before starting each step of the experiment, the ozone generator was calibrated for ozone concentration. Pressure and flow rate of ozone gas produced was equal to 2 bara and 1 liter per minute, respectively. The results showed that integrated treatment of the leachate with ozonation and activated carbon adsorption, namely catalytic ozonation, was more effective than each process solely. In this study, COD removal rate of 44% in adsorption process, 57% in ozonation process and 80% in integrated process was achieved after 60 minutes. According to the results, in the integrated process, addition of the adsorbent (as long as it floats in the leachate) has positiveeffect on the removal of organic load. The pH value is another important parameter that affects the removal rate in the integrated process. It was found that removal of organic load is more evident at basic condition than at acidic condition. In this study, the maximum COD removal was achieved in the pH values between 8 and 9. Furthermore, in this process, ozonation along with adsorption process resulted in reactivation of activated carbon and avoided frequent GAC regeneration. After 5 times of the reuse of virgin GAC through a consecutive experiment, only 7% loss in COD removal was observed in the integrated process, while it reached to 95% for single adsorption process at the same condition. This can be explained either by the predominance of catalytic reactions rather than adsorptionoxidation reaction in the process or to the in situ regeneration of GAC.

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Building and infrastructure construction at ground surface or under the ground are required to consider the existence of faults to prevent the damages due to earthquake evidence. Furthermore, faults identification and recognition their shake and vibratory behavior will be an importance task to understanding and prediction the vulnerability in area. The main aims and goal of this study is to examine the risk of fault due to the earthquake in the Silakhor plan by the examination of effective parameters (fault length, magnitude, rupture radiance and vertical replacement). The tectonic condition as well as earthquake potential of area was examined at the first stage. To determine this condition, the historical earthquakes of the area were extracted from various seismological data resources such as USGS, IIEES etc. The earthquake vulnerability of area was extract and analyzed to identify the high potential zone along the known faults where the probability earthquake epicenter can be taken place along it. According to these factors, the ruptures and land deformation area due to previous earthquake events has been mapped and reanalysis based on statistical techniques. The results show out of all fault line where traverse in this area, 6 faults have a potential to induce earthquakes shake with magnitude in rage of 5.8 to 7. Which is the earthquake with average magnitude of 7.01 Richter can produce by Durod Fault as Varkooh Fault can produce the earthquake with average magnitude of 6.2 Richter, the remain known faults in area are able to produce earthquake with average magnitude of below the 6 Richter, The result also define that, such earthquakes can displace area along the fault ruptures with 107cm in vertical and 1 to 3 km² as land deformation domain. These results were modified as factors input for vulnerability assessment and earthquake hazard zonation. Furthermore, the study area was divided to in 3 zones (low, moderate and high hazard areas). Superimposing the earthquake hazard zonation map and digital settlement and infrastructures maps of area over the GIS environment shows out of 163 villages in study area the 53 villages located in high hazard zone, 22 villages in moderate hazard zone and 37 villages in a low hazard zone. Furthermore, the parts of two main roads (Khoramabad- Borujerd and Borujerd- Dorud) involved in high hazard zonation. Which is can cause lots of problems for assessing the area by blocking the main roads and make a double disaster in a earthquake events.

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Toluene is one of the volatile organic compounds and used extensively in industrial processes. Because of toluene effects on human health and environment, it is necessary to implement methods for toluene removal from contaminated air stream. Catalytic ozonation process (COP) is one of the emergent technologies for removal of volatile compounds from air streams. Catalytic ozonation process is an efficient, cost-effective and easy to operate for elimination of organic compounds. One of the main factors directly affecting the VOC removal efficiency and ozone destruction rate is the type of catalyst. In this study the potential of MnO/GAC and MgO/GAC catalysts was investigated for toluene elimination from air stream in the presence of ozone in a lab scale.
The MnO/GAC and MgO/GAC catalysts were prepared by Sol-gel method and then characterized by BET, XRD and SEM analysis. Specific concentrations of toluene in the air were produced by using an air pump and a syringe pump. Phocheck was used to measure the concentration of toluene in gas phase. The effect of retention time (0.5-4 Sec), inlet toluene concentration (100-400 ppmv) and air temperature (25-100˚C) were investigated on catalysts efficiency in the presence of ozone. Ozone dosage (0.1 g/h) kept constant in all experiments. The efficiency of MnO/GAC and MgO/GAC were determined from the breakthrough time and removal capacity and the results were compared statistically.
The BET surface area derived from N2 adsorption- desorption isotherms. From the results the BET surface area of MnO/GAC (1103 m2/g) was greater than that of MgO/GAC catalyst (1082 m2/g). XRD patterns clearly illustrate formation of MgO and MnO crystals on GAC surface. From XRD patterns the peaks at 2θ degrees of 50.3° and 73.8° were related to the MgO crystals. The peaks at 2θ degrees of 42.1°, 51.8° and 70.9° reveal the formation of Mn3O4. The crystallite phase of MgO and MnO was hexagonal and tetragonal respectively. The average size of MgO and MnO crystals was 10 and 12 nm, respectively, calculated using Debby-Scherrer equation. Results of experiments in different retention times showed that breakthrough time of MnO/GAC and MgO/GAC catalysts increased 11.3 and 13.9 times, respectively, by increasing retention time from 0.5 to 4 Sec. When inlet toluene concentration increased from 100 to 400 ppmv, the breakthrough time of MgO/GAC and MnO/GAC columns decreased 65% and 62.2%, respectively. In contrast, removal capacity of MgO/GAC and MnO/GAC was increased 39.1% and 50.4% by increasing inlet toluene concentration from 100 to 400 ppmv, respectively. The efficiency of MgO/GAC and MnO/GAC catalysts was increased 78.3% and 31.5% by increasing air temperature from 25 to 100 ˚C, respectively. These results demonstrates that increase of retention time and bed temperature could positively effect on the performance of MgO/GAC and MnO/GAC catalysts in toluene removal from waste air stream in the presence of ozone.
It can be concluded that MgO/GAC and MnO/GAC catalysts had high potential in VOCs removal from air stream in the presence of ozone. The difference between the efficiency of MgO/GAC and MnO/GAC catalysts was significant (P ≤ 0.05) and MgO/GAC catalyst had higher efficiency than MnO/GAC for toluene removal from waste air in the presence of ozone.

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Corn production rank is second among cereals after wheat crop, and usually, a large part of it is not used immediately after harvesting but is kept in storage for gradual use in other seasons or exported to other regions. The spread of different types of fungi and the production of fungal toxins, especially in areas with high humidity, in addition to quantitative and qualitative damage to stored products, cause an increase in waste and endanger the health of society. To replace the low-risk methods of increasing the storage life, in this research, the effect of ozone gas with two variables of ozone concentration; (25, 50, and 75 ppm) in the duration of ozonation (1, 3, 5, and 7 days) on the dominant corn grain (Single cross number 407) in Golestan region, was evaluated. The microbial characteristics were compared with the control sample in terms of controlling the spread of fungi and changes in the seed qualitative aspects. The results showed that increasing the ozone concentration up to 50 ppm and the ozonation time of 3 days had a significant effect on reducing the growth of fungi and the production of aflatoxin (P<0.05). Also, the results indicated that the use of 75 ppm concentration in 1, 3, 5, and 7 days had caused significant oxidative changes in the characteristics of fat (increased acidity indices) and starch (increased carboxyl index) of corn kernels compared to the control sample. Different conditions of ozonation up to the concentration of 50 ppm at varying times did not have a significant effect on the amount of corn seed protein (P<0.05).

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Currently tons of dye produced per year, about the one sixth tons are converted into wastewater in various industries such as textiles and dyeing, which are among the toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic wastes due to the presence of aromatic rings in their structure. This issue has attracted a lot of attention to the purification of such compounds. Ozone is one of the strong oxidizers which produces non-toxic compounds due to its decomposition. Ozone can convert many organic materials into simpler compounds through both direct and indirect oxidation mechanisms, including degradation of wastewater that contains double bonds components such as aromatic compounds and dyes. The purpose of this study was to investigate modeling, optimization and the interactions between parameters affecting the ozonation process in removal of Acid Orange 7 in order to achieve the highest removal efficiency for the highest possible initial dye concentration under the lowest ozone injection rate, no change in initial wastewater pH and the shortest reaction time by the use of response surface method. The RSM was performed using 4 parameters pH, initial dye concentration, ozone injection rate and time with 5 levels which ends up in 30 experimental tests.
The results showed that correlation coefficients and adjusted correlation coefficients were 96.85 and 94.92, respectively, and p-value for model (less than 0.0001) and lack of fit (0.0507) were obtained as significant and non-significant, respectively. These results indicate the consistency and high reliability of the modeling results. Normal error, error independence and variance stability control were also checked which showed that the closeness between the actual and predicted values and the uniform distribution of the results obtained on the normal line indicates the uniform distribution of the error. The results and predictions of the software, the random distribution and distribution of the results indicate the suitability of the assumption considered by the software regarding the stability of the variance. Based on variance stability control, the effect of the experiments on the responses provided by the software. If one of the experiments is outside the range, this experiment will have a negative impact on the overall results of the software. In the case of experiments performed, this control was also well performed.
Based on model equation the most important parameters are the injection rate of ozone (Q(O₃)), pH, reaction time (T) and initial dye concentration [Dye], respectively, in which all parameters except the initial dye concentration have a positive effect on dye removal efficiency. After the related tests the optimum condition were the initial dye concentration of 480 mg/L, pH of 7.7, ozonation rate of 0.6 L/min and ozonation duration of 60 min which resulted in 90% dye removal efficiency. It was also found that the most effective factors were injectable ozone rate, time, pH, and dye concentration, respectively. The results showed that determining the appropriate domains can be of great importance in achieving the desired results from the response surface method. Also, the ozonation process is able to purify the dye from high initial concentrations to high removal efficiency, indicating the high strength of this applied process in the decomposition of complex organic compounds. Ozonation kinetic rate is based on pseudo first order which was increased from 0.3 to 0.6 by enhancing injected ozone rate from 0.2 to 0.6 L/min respectively and further increase of ozone injection rate didn’t had any effect on its kinetic rate.

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Industrial progress has ushered in the production of a diverse array of pollutants, encompassing both organic and non-biodegradable substances, such as hydrocarbon compounds derived from petroleum. As the discernible environmental ramifications of these pollutants continue to escalate, the quest for efficacious methodologies for wastewater remediation assumes paramount importance. Among the emergent technologies, plasma technology has garnered considerable acclaim due to its capacity to obliterate a myriad of pollutants. Plasma, which ensues from the application of high voltage to either a gaseous or liquid medium, engenders profoundly reactive species capable of dismantling intricate organic compounds. Similarly, ozone, an exceedingly potent oxidizing agent, has long commanded recognition for its aptitude in the degradation of pollutants. Its robust oxidative attributes render it an invaluable instrument in the realm of wastewater treatment. Ozone treatment entails the infusion of ozone gas into the contaminated aqueous medium, whereupon it engages pollutants in a transformative reaction, rendering them into less deleterious byproducts. By amalgamating the ozonation process with plasma technology, we can harness the merits of both modalities and achieve synergistic effects. This hybridized approach proffers several advantages vis-à-vis individual treatment methodologies, including augmented pollutant removal efficiency, diminished treatment duration, and amplified energy efficiency. The plasma-ozonation process exploits plasma's propensity for the generation of reactive species, capable of reacting with the organic constituents in wastewater. The ensuing ozonation phase augments the degradation of these constituents, engendering a more efficacious and comprehensive removal process. Prior investigations have scrutinized the efficacy of ozone and plasma in isolation for the eradication of p-nitrophenol, a ubiquitous organic pollutant encountered in industrial wastewater. These inquiries have methodically examined various parameters to ascertain their influence on pollutant removal efficiency. Factors such as applied voltage, ozone dosage, initial pH, reaction duration, and initial solution concentration have been subjected to meticulous scrutiny to optimize the treatment regimen. In the present study, we have devised an innovative mathematical model to probe the interplay between these two independent variables: plasma technology and ozonation. The model incorporates a quadratic equation and employs analysis of variance (ANOVA) to gauge the significance of each variable and discern the optimal conditions for pollutant removal. Through scrutiny of the model, we have ascertained that the pinnacle of removal efficiency, surpassing 95%, materializes under specific parameters. These parameters encompass an applied voltage of 14 kV, an oxygen flow rate of 6 L/min, an initial pH of 10, a reaction duration of 6 minutes, and an initial concentration of 200 mg/L. These revelations offer valuable insights into the operational parameters that yield superlative results for pollutant removal within the context of the plasma-ozonation process. The efficacious integration of ozone and plasma technologies in wastewater treatment proffers a promising panacea for the elimination of p-nitrophenol pollutants and sundry other organic constituents. By fine-tuning the process parameters in alignment with the model's recommendations, we can attain exceptional levels of pollutant elimination whilst concurrently minimizing energy consumption and treatment duration. This research significantly contributes to the perennial endeavors aimed at fashioning sustainable and efficient remedies for industrial wastewater treatment, endowing valuable perspectives for their future deployment and widescale application in industrial settings.

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Collapsible soil has a semi-stable, non-compacted, and relatively porous structure. These types of soils become damaged and experience noticeable deformation or sudden settlement due to increased moisture or excessive loading. This type of soils is categorized as problematic soils that, if they are placed under structures or inside the earth structures, can cause many problems in terms of stability and operation and cause financial and life losses. This paper attempted to evaluate and zone the collapsible soils in Semnan city. The studied points were examined using field experiments and also by consolidation test. Investigation of being problematic and the collapsibility of the collapsible points have been performed using the “Jennings and Knight” and “ASTM D5333” criteria. Collecting geotechnical data from 141 locations in Semnan city, 24 points with collapsibility potential were identified. The novel result of present study is an effective step to reduce the risks related to construction on the sites having collapsibility potential in the Semnan.

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In the Shahroud Watershed, there has been an increasing occurrence of landslides that have caused a lot of human and financial losses. Therefore, landslide susceptibility zonation is crucial for reducing landslide risk. The aim of this study was to compare the Landslide Susceptibility Maps (LSMs) of different methods. Therefore, thematic layers of the ten causal factors were prepared. Then, a landslide inventory map consisting of 104 landslides covering 1401 hectares was compiled and partitioned into two subsets including 70% for training and 30% for testing purposes. Three landslide susceptibility maps were prepared using the Frequency ratio (Fr), Statistical index (Si), and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. The validation process showed that the Si [Area Under the Curve (AUC)= 0.732] and Fr (AUC= 0.707) models presented a more valid LSM than AHP (AUC= 0.651) method. The Qs (Quality sum) index values also confirmed the results of the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve such that the Qs index values of 1.71, 1.43, and 0.62 for, respectively, Fr, Si, and AHP models implied a more accurate LSMs of the Fr and Si models than the one from the AHP. The results of this study can be used as a basic step for landslide risk management in the study area.