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The effect of forest roads on the extent and type of fire damage occurred in forests and rangelands of the Neka County in Mazandaran province was investigated. For this purpose, all fire spots, stand number, percentage and type of injury and damage to tree species, and average diameter at breast height (DBH) were noted with 100% inventory; area and geographic location of access roads were determined using GPS. The results showed that distance from the main access road had a significant correlation with the area of ​​fire spots, but no significant correlation existed between the distance from the strip roads, skid ways, town of Neka and the area of ​​fire spots. The factors influencing fire severity were analyzed using the stepwise regression model. Model also showed that just the distance from the main access road affected the area of ​​fire spots. For every one meter increase in the distance from the main access roads, the area of fire spot was increased by 1.545 m². Further, the extent of fire can be controlled by reducing the distance from the main access roads.

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Background:The online and efficient information about the spatial distribution of wildfire susceptibility and occurrence has a major role in improving of fire prevention activities.
Materials and Methods: In this study a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) approach was used for modeling wildfire susceptibility in East Azerbaijan Province and a webGIS system called fire susceptibility webGIS system (FSWS) was developed to easily share and utilize data and facilities among local people and managers. The methodology was composed of three different phases. First, dependent and independent variables were produced by several methods includingimage processing technique, interpolation method and GIS analysis. Next, the wildfire susceptibility was analyzed by using a MaxEnt approach to predict the possibility of wildfire occurrence based on history of wildfire data and environmental variables (anthropogenic, topography, climate and vegetation datasets) during 2005–2015 and the model performs well in terms of accuracy, with an area under ROC curve (AUC) value of 0.909. Finally, the webGIS system was developed by up to date and proper information.
Results: This webGIS system was provided from the spatial database of variables, wildfire susceptibility map, fire occurrence layers and base maps. FSWS was set up based on ArcGIS component and provided the facilities and capabilities of a web application that would be used by any user even without any prior knowledge of the GIS field.
Conclusions: By FSWS, the environmental authorities will be able to design many operational plans to control the wildfires, supporting conservation managers in improving pre-fire management and raise the awareness among the local people.

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Aims: In recent years, global warming has increased the importance of carbon sequestration. The present study was conducted to survey the effect of banqueting and fire on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in Atbatan rangelands of Bostanabad District.
Materials & Methods: For this purpose, using systematic-random strategy, composite soil samples were taken from fire happened 2 years ago (in 2 aspects of east and west), banqueting constructed 25 years ago (in 2 aspects of north and south), and control sites. The SOC was measured and results were analyzed, using two-way ANOVA.
Findings: On the contrary of interaction effect, the main effects of aspect and fire were significant on SOC. The SOC of the control site with 28.9 t/ha was higher than the fire site with 21.76 t/ha. The average SOC in the eastern aspect was higher than the western aspect as such the average amount of SOC in western and eastern aspects were 28.94 t/ha and 21.72 t/ha, respectively. Banqueting had an increasing significant effect on SOC, as such SOC of the treatment site was 34.47 t/ha compared to the control site with 22.21 t/ha. The SOC in the northern and southern aspects was not significantly different, and the SOC of southern and northern aspects equaled 28.45 t/ha and 28.23 t/ha, respectively.
Conclusion: In conclusion, according to the results of the study, the occurrence of fire in rangelands can reduce the amount of SOC. The rangeland banqueting increases the amount of SOC in both aspects.
 

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Sadegh Salimi Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Azad University  Transnational organized crime is one of the most problematic matters for international community in 21 st century. These crimes are committed by organized criminal groups consisting of three or more persons, a unique leadership and strict discipline with cruel sanctions in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit. Illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms is one of the most dangerous activities of these groups. The United Nations, acting on behalf of international community, elaborated an international document named "United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime" with two protocols. These documents were opened for signature of states in 2000. The third protocol named "Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime" was approved by the General Assembly in 2001. The protocol is analyzed as the most comprehensive international document in the matter. Under the protocol, states parties are obliged to consider trafficking in firearms as a crime, to assist technically and educationally, to exchange information, to keep records of and mark firearms, to supervise on brokering of firearms and confiscation of unlawful firearms. The purpose of this protocol is coordination of states national laws and encouragement of states to cooperation. It is based on preventive measures. Since its ratification would create good opportunities to Iran in combating this organized crime, it is recommendable to Iran.

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Diaphanes lutescens was originally described by Walker, 1858, using specimens from Sri Lanka. The systematics and biology of this species has been unexplored since it was first described in the early eighteenth century. This paper provides a detailed description of systematics and biology of the identified male, female and larvae of D. lutescens with their areas of incidence and habitat types in Sri Lanka. Females and larvae were identified when they were associating with males in the same habitat. Remarks of their flashing patterns and flying behaviour are addressed.

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Aims: Awareness about the effects of banqueting and fire on the vegetation in rangeland ecosystems is necessary for appropriate management. Regarding the importance of sustainable rangelands management and the lack of studies about fire and banqueting, the aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of rangeland restoration practices (banqueting with seeding) and also fire on plant functional groups in semi-arid region of Atbatan Rangelands, Bostanabad.
Materials & Methods: For this purpose, after choosing the treatments and control sites, via random-systematic method in each site, thirty 1-m² plots were established along three 30-meter transects (there were 30 plots for each area and 240 plots in total). The canopy cover of plant species was recorded within the plots and categorized based on plant functional groups.
Findings: The results of statistical data analysis showed that the percentage of total cover in the north and south aspects of banqueting with 69.17% and 62.03% was significantly higher than the control sites with 52.53% and 48.03%, respectively. Fire in west aspect has reduced the percentage of vegetation (53.6%) compared to the control site (72.93%) whereas it did not have a significant effect in east aspect.
Conclusion: Generally, it can be stated that banqueting in the north aspect has more and increasing effect on plant functional groups but fire has a more complicated behavior in different topographic conditions (aspect) in relation to the banqueting and in west control site in term of the most studied parameters it has significantly more values than the other sites.

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Abstract
One areas of study in popular culture and literature concerns the beliefs of the tribes. The Turkmen are one of the Iranian tribes that have different beliefs. The common Turkmen beliefs stem from their thoughts, beliefs, ideals, feelings, emotions, and lifestyle. Since some popular beliefs and ideas are instructive and worth pondering, this study tries to introduce some of the different Turkmen tribes, and some of the common popular beliefs among the two Turkmen peoples (Goklan and Yumut), which are reflected in Nader Ebrahimi's novel Fire, without Smoke. This study employed a library-based and analytic-descriptive method. The results show that the popular beliefs of the two tribes could be grouped into 4 categories: 1. Philosophical and mythological beliefs, 2. Beliefs about life and its stages, 3. Medical beliefs and general treatment, and 4. Calendric and meteorological. Some of these beliefs are rooted in religious teachings. Some are derived from Iranian culture, which are found not only among Turkmen but also among other ethnic groups. Some others are due to the Turkmen way of life and are specific to the culture of this people, while still others are baseless and unrealistic beliefs that stem from superstitions.
Research background
There are several studies conducted on the novel Fire, without smoke. Azizi Nik (2003) found that the two tribes of Yamut and Goklan had conflicts with each other due to their superficial customs, and even in some cases, these differences and conflicts led to wars between them. Rezvanian and Nouri (2009) indicate that the narrator of this novel insists on taking each character home. Therefore, he leaves nothing to the mind of the audience.
Sadeghi et al. (2016) conducted an intertextual analysis of the novel concluding that the staging of the novel involved intertextual communication and linguistic effects in the selection of ancient words and grammatical, rhetorical features, and the tactical effects such as the speed of initiation as well as the intervention of the narrator.
In relation to the poetic language of the novel, Taheri and Askari (2017) showed that Ebrahimi adorned his novel’s superstructure with de-familiarizations and illustrations in order to immortalize the poetic and romantic revolutionary content of his novel in the reader's mind.
A more critical study is that of Miri et al. (2015), borrowing Fairclough and Michael Short's models to analyze the power relations in the novel. They have concluded that the way the two central characters of the novel deal with others in the dialogues is directly proportional along with many ups and downs as well as their life span. Galan's dialogues with those around him are limited to certain people, and over time, this circle gets narrower so much as with his death, his coercive domination ends. Alleni, on the other hand, not only engages in dialogue with all people, particularly women, but also forces them to be at the center of the dialogue. Therefore, as far as the authors of the present study are concerned, no particular research has been conducted on the popular beliefs of the two mentioned tribes in this novel.
Research aims and questions
The purpose of this study is to examine the common beliefs among the two tribes "Goklan" and "Yamut" which are reflected in the novel Fire, without Smoke, in order to understand the lifestyle, ideas, views, and thoughts of these two Turkmen tribes and get acquainted with their sociocultural manifestations.
To this aim, the following questions were raised:
1. What popular beliefs of the two Turkmen tribes "Goklan" and "Yamut" are reflected in the novel Fire, without Smoke?
2. Where do the beliefs of these two tribes stem from?
Results and discussion
The popular culture is a common phenomenon and is deeply rooted in people. It covers all the superstructure aspects of society such as: customs and traditions, rituals and mourning, celebrations, beliefs, knowledge, and do's and don'ts (Bakhtiari, 2003, p. 24). One of the manifestations of popular culture is the beliefs of tribes which lead to the creation of particular attitudes. Since these beliefs originate from a sole human spirit, there are sometimes common beliefs shared among different ethnic groups (Hedayat, 2000, p. 23). In the novel Fire, without Smoke, Nader Ebrahimi has written about the history, culture, and folklore of the Turkmen under various pretexts:  "In this novel, he speaks better than any Turkmen about their beliefs and combines the delineation of the infinity of nature with the sufferings and joys of the Turkmen" (Mir Abedini, 1998, p. 538). This study, however, examined the popular beliefs that are common among the two tribes "Goklan" and "Yamut" and are reflected in the novel. For a thorough scrutiny of these beliefs, they were classified into sub-categories such as: philosophical and mythological beliefs, beliefs related to life and its stages, medical beliefs and popular remedies, and chronology and popular meteorology. Given that Nader Ebrahimi lived among the Turkmen people for an extended period of time, the popular culture of the Turkmen was fully known to him. He used many of their ideas in his novel as he heard them all from the Turkmen elderly and had no involvement in them whatsoever. In addition to advancing the novel, these types of allusions help to make the events of the story more realistic for the contemporary readers.
The Turkmen people have popular beliefs on various issues of life due to their ancient culture and special way of life. Influenced by the age in which they lived, the two Turkmen tribes of Yamut and Goklan have embedded a number of popular beliefs into their lives that need to be explored in the context of popular culture, because these beliefs represent the thoughts and attitudes of these two tribes about the universe and also express their social lifestyle. Some beliefs of these two tribes are reflected in the novel Fire, without Smoke and are considered as the themes of this novel. In the present study, through analyzing different parts of the mentioned novel, we attempted to sketch out the reflection of popular beliefs among the tribes "Yamut" and "Goklan" in this novel. The result of this study shows the course of these popular beliefs in the depths of thoughts, feelings, initiatives, odd events as well as wonders in the life of Turkmen tribes. Some of these beliefs, such as marriage, having a daughter for a child, jinxing, music, and reddening of the sky are rooted in the religious and Islamic teachings. Some of them, such as human sins, belief in destiny, shedding innocent blood, and treating heartache are rooted in Iranian culture. Some others, such as the belief in horoscope, the simultaneous use of two new things that make the owner sad, the act of carrying gold which leads to the women's happiness, and the healing the sacred tree gives all stem from superstition.
Some beliefs such as Turkmens being made out of iron, horses’ loyalty to their owners, infant mortality, and mourning and burial of the dead are also common among these people, which are derived from their lifestyle. The formation of these types of beliefs are the result of spiritual and psychological forces. The two tribes have acquired them from their social environment.

All in all, Nader Ebrahimi is clearly influenced by the popular culture of these tribes in reflecting and scrutinizing the beliefs of their ideologies. He has fairly been successful in this area, due to the fact that he has narrated the beliefs of the Turkmen people through reports and quotations given by the characters wherever necessary. This has led to the creation of a true story that, besides its content and spiritual impact, makes enjoyment for the readers.

References

Azizi Nik, N. (2003). The story of a novel in the smokeless fire by Nader Ebrahimi. Fiction, 43, 43 - 47.

Bakhtiari, M. R. (2003). Folklore of folk literature. Adiban.

Hedayat, S. (2000). Folk culture of the Iranian people. Cheshmeh.

Mir Abedini, H. (1998). One hundred years of Iranian fiction (Vol. 1 & 2). Cheshmeh.

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In this paper, attempts have tried to study Fairclough’s theory of “inequality of power in the dialogue" by analyzing the dialogues between identical and opposing characters in the novel Fire without smoke by Nader Ebrahimi to identify powerful or passive characters, and decode the novel from the ideological perspective of the author.
To more regulate, this theoretical framework, the questions raised in the Shorter’s model (1996), were used to analyze power relations in the dialogues of characters with the aim of determining the type of relationship and the dominance of the personality poles of the story: Galan - the hero that relies on his physical strength - and Alani - the hero who relies on the power of thought and mind.
The analysis of data suggested that the way the two main characters of the novel interacted with others in their discourse was directly related to the up and downs of their lives. Galan's interaction was limited to an esoteric group of people around them, and as this circle of friends was limited down, his power diminished too, so that with his death, the coercive hegemony and compulsory domination associated with his behavior came to end.
In contrast, Alani not only struck a conversation with people from all aspects of life, especially women and the lower classes of the community, but also urged them to play a key role in the dialogue with the people around them. This contributed to the recognition of his intellectual and political authority and conduct, and even after his death, his thoughts continued to touch the speech and practice of the next generations.
 

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Fire is the most important element that has played a role in the evolution of human nature and society for a long time. Its importance in the lives of the ancient tribes is unquestionable. Many rituals, customs, and celebrations of various nations of the world are completely associated with this element. In a descriptive-analytical paradigm and relying on the observational data, face-to-face interviews, and cultural content analysis, the present study aims to explain and analyze the cultural and religious functions of fire in the oral culture of the people in Satveh village in Shahroud city. In this regard, the symbolic manifestations of fire in the dialectical words, proverbs, allusions, and popular beliefs of Satveh people have been identified, studied, and analyzed. The result of the study shows that fire, as a sacred phenomenon, plays a role in the cultural horizon, and besides the four elements in the world, there is a cultural presence in the beliefs of the people of Satveh village. Combining the Iranian ancient beliefs with the Islamic ideas has set fire in a sublime and spiritual position in beliefs of these people. Fire is a symbol of light, divinity, and truth. On the contrary, the demonic symbols are highlighted with creatures such as "black dog", which is a symbol of darkness, devil, and iniquity.

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Sati, which is unlike the modern moral standards and incompatible with the standards of the Abrahamic and Zoroastrian religions, is an old Hindu custom that has been practiced for many years and seems to have been abandoned nowadays. It is an official custom related to the sanctity of fire, the glory of love, Hinduism, and the result of Indian patriarchy and xenophobia. This study has tried to explain the cause and elements of its emergence. It also attempts to investigate why and how the Indian books (the sacred and historical ones) refer to this custom and then analyze the historical texts and literature in Iran with regards to poetry.

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Aim: Fire is one of the most important ecological disturbances in rangelands which change the characteristics of vegetation and soil. Up to now few studies have been conducted to study the short-term effects of fire on soil and vegetation in semi-arid shrubland. The positive or negative effects of fire on soil and vegetation of rangeland have been investigated in this research.
Materials and Methods: Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg) content were selected as soil attributes and vegetation richness, diversity and density (percent
ground cover) as vegetation properties. Vegetation and soil sampling was performed based on systematic randomized method along 3 transects (The length of transects in the control and burnt area was 100 m and the distance between each plots was 10 m). Information about vegetation traits (production, density, diversity, richness and evenness) were recorded in 1 m² plots. Soil samples were taken at two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm by auger.
Findings: Compared to unburnt rangeland, the percentage of vegetation (16.30 %), production (20.47 Kg ha^-1) and density of vegetation (6.74 %) in burnt region have been decreased significantly (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of the present study had shown a significant decrease in species diversity and richness in burnt rangeland. There were not any positive effects of fire on soil or vegetation cover in studied area.

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The term "Ḥusbānan" in the verse "... wa Yursila ʻalayhā Ḥusbānan min al-Samāʼ…" is one of the words that have different interpretations in Persian and Latin interpretations and translations. Meanings such as punishment, fire, lightning, hail, cold, wind, calamity, etc., have been mentioned for it in interpretations and translations. The present study, using a historical-analytical method, aims to find the reasons for the difference in the meaning of "Ḥusbānan" and employs a modern semantic approach (associative relationships) to present the correct meaning. Examination of lexical sources and interpretations indicates that some differences are based on linguistic foundations and some on narrative ones. The available hadiths have issues in terms of authenticity and convey multiple meanings, making their prioritization challenging. Additionally, lexical sources have not been able to prevent differing viewpoints; the historical trend of interpretations shows that in the early centuries, the meaning and application of "Ḥusbān" were limited, but from the sixth century onwards, they expanded. In this study, by using substitutional relationships, an effort has been made to present a more precise meaning and application.
 

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Jel Jelani is an ancient ritual with Iranian roots that is held in the mountain village of Tameh in Natanz city. In this way, in the three nights leading to the 19th of January, the youth of the village light a fire in the evenings, then they go to the houses and sing folk poems to wish the people of the house blessings and health. After that, the owner of the house, with desire and respect, gives food gifts such as fruits and dried fruits. He puts it in a tray and gives it to the group, the group pours it into their donkey's trunks and goes to another house. At the end, they gather in a small mosque and divide the gifts among themselves. This ritual is a little different from the past, because in the past, stones were placed on the head of the trees and fire was lit on top of a mountain so that its light reached all the gardens. The data of this research, which was collected through documents, was then analyzed from the religious and ritual point of view. The results of the article showed that the ritual of Jel Jelani is derived from the Zoroastrian rituals of December, which has many similarities with the Zoroastrian Sedeh and Hirumba festivals and the Muslim half-month ritual of Ramazan, however, the ritual of the half-month of Ramazan has largely preserved its Iranian authenticity and is in line with the needs of gardeners, who are facing the problem of cold mountain cold and frozen trees.
 

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Abstract: In the present article, the effect of fire on the axial compressive strength of reinforced concrete (RC) columns was studied. Method of research was laboratory investigation. The axial compressive strength of RC columns was measured by applying variable heat in different time intervals in the process of experiment. Thirty two samples of fine-scale RC columns with square and circular cross sections, the gross cross section area of 225 cm² (for both sections), longitudinal reinforcement area of 3.1 cm², general height of 30 cm for all samples and other uniform structural characteristics ( 25 c f   MPa , 300 y f  MPa ) were exposed to fire and different temperatures (300°C to 700°C) were applied in the time intervals of 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Then they were exposed to axial loading by hydraulic jack with 200 ton capacity, and their strengths were measured. It is worth noting that, in the heating stage of samples, caps with thermal insulation were used in order to prevent instantaneous strain at the two ends of the samples. By carrying out the experiments, it became clear that at the time of fire, two factors, i.e., the "period of fire" and "temperature of fire" resulted in the loss of strength in RC columns. Of course, the "period of fire" factor was more effective than temperature of fire. It also became clear that RC columns with circular cross section fail faster in comparison with the columns with square cross sections at the time of fire. In order to evaluate and measure the results obtained, a relative factor called "Fire Factor" was utilized. The results indicated that the amount of axial compressive strength loss resulting from fire is approximately 3-5% greater in circular RC columns in comparison with square columns.

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One of the important applications of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) in Iran is its use as infill block in Block and Joist Reinforced Concrete Floors. The properties and performance of EPS blocks in this floor system, including reaction-to-fire, mechanical properties, thermal resistance and acoustical performance of the system, was studied. Fire behavior of blocks was tested with ISO 5660 cone calorimeter test method. The fire properties of standard and flame retarded types of EPS were measured and discussed, including time to ignition, average and peak values of heat release rate and total heat release. The influence of type of EPS on its fire behavior was investigated. The results showed that the time-to-ignition and total heat release parameters can not be a characteristic value for distinction between standard and fire retarded types of EPS under cone calorimeter test condition. The reason is that both types are flammable and burn completely at fire temperatures. The peak value of heat release rate (PHRR) of EPS is the most important parameter that can be utilized for distinction of Standard and flame retarded types of EPS with cone calorimeter test method. PHRR values higher than 300 kW/m 2 were achieved for standard types, but the results for flame retarded ones were less than 250 (and mostly less than 200) kW/m     2 . The fire risks of specimens were also evaluated using Conecalc software and Richardson method. The results showed that even flame retarded   EPS needs to be protected with a thermal barrier in building applications. Moreover, it is required that the   protective barrier be mechanically fixed to the structural system, since EPS melts and recedes away heat,   once it is exposed to high temperatures. Hence, it is not able to keep barrier, say plaster, in its position.   The flexural strength of blocks under static and dynamic loads and its relation with density and   dimensions of blocks was evaluated. The results showed that minimum 12 and 14 (kg/m     3 ) density of foam is required respected for 25 and 20 cm of height of blocks with a width of 50 cm. An optimum 27      2 mm was obtained for the width of sitting section of blocks on joists. The influence of different properties and   geometry of EPS block (conductivity, width, height and existence of a thermal covering layer under joists)   on thermal resistance of floor system was also studied. The THERM software, Enery Efficiency and   Renewable Energy Program, was used for evaluation of thermal resistance of the floor. The increase of   height and width of blocks caused improvement in thermal resistance of the floor system, but the best result   was obtained when a thermal covering layer was considered under the joists. The acoustical results showed   that the replace of EPS blocks with hollow clay blocks does not influence importantly the impact sound   insulation of the floor system. Neither of them can fulfill the impact sound acoustical requirements and   need to be improved with an extra system, like a floating floor or an appropriate elastic floor covering for   this purpose.    

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Ancient geographical texts contain valuable information in the field of folklore studies, as they often focus not only on the climatic conditions, but also on the way of life of the people. Athar al-Bilad wa Akhbar al-'Ibad by Zakariya ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini, a geographical text from the 7th century AH, is a work in which the author, relying on various sources, has tried to present a picture of the seven climates and the culture and beliefs of their people. Among the transmitted folk culture, the ordeals are noteworthy.
The author, who is himself a judge, has mentioned examples of ordeals, most of which are considered divine judgments, such as the belief in the purifying properties of hot and cold water (the ordeal by fire and water). Ordeals related to the purity of the origin/body (passing through a cave/crevice, a pure spring) and sacred places and objects, and the judges of the ordeals (the chain of justice and the staff of Solomon).
The present research has addressed the precedents of these cases in different cultures and nations on the one hand, and the continuity of the rituals in later times, trying to consider them as a universal theme and from this perspective, investigate the symbolic/mythological aspects among them.
 

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Aims: This study assesses the impacts of natural and human factors on fire occurrences, identifies key contributors to fire susceptibility maps, and employs machine learning algorithms (MLAs) to enhance the spatiotemporal patterns of fire susceptibility maps.
Materials & Methods: Data were collected from 110 fire locations and 110 non-fire points spanning from 2001 to 2022 at annual scale. Various auxiliary variables, including climate data, terrain features, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and distance to roads, were analyzed to model fire susceptibility. The study employed multiple MLAs, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDT), to generate the fire susceptibility maps.
Findings: About 70% of fires occurred within 2 km of roads, indicating significant human influence. Grasslands had the highest fire rates, with over 25% of fires from 2001-2022 due to flammable fuels. The RF and mean models identified 0.4% and 1.31% of the area as very high susceptibility (38,800 km² and 12,600 km²), while the GBDT and SVM models identified 2.42% and 1.86% (234,700 km² and 180,000 km²). The very high susceptibility class, though small in percentage, covers large areas.
Conclusion: This research highlights the importance of integrating environmental and human factors for predicting fire events in arid regions and developing comprehensive fire susceptibility maps, critical for protecting vulnerable ecosystems. These outcomes provide valuable tools for fire management and mitigation strategies within vulnerable ecosystems. Moreover, developing targeted fire management strategies focused on high-risk areas, such as juniper and broadleaf forests must be a priority.
 

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A numerical study for the simulation of induced-flow by a two-room compartment fire has been accomplished using a fully-coupled Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model which incorporates Smagorinsky and One-Equation Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) turbulence models. Also, modified Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) and Discrete Ordinate Methods (DOM) are used for incorporating combustion and radiation, respectively. The models are applied for a range of total heat release rate (HRR) for fire source in the center and corner of the fire room. Numerical results of prediction by each SGS model are validated and compared against well-known available experimental data. The predicted time-averaged temperature profiles at different location of the compartment for each case have been calculated and found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The results also show that the accuracy of One-Equation SGS model for the prediction of the characteristics of fire is higher than those obtain by Smagorinsky SGS model. The air mixture at the fire room opening is higher for the centrally located fire source than the corner one.

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The use of polymeric and flammable building materials has been considerably increased in construction industry of Iran in recent years. Most of these materials are highly flammable and can seriously contribute in growth of a probable fire in buildings. In this research, the fire behavior of some polymeric building materials used as finishes was evaluated with cone calorimeter method at 50 kW/m2. The thermal fire parameters and smoke toxicity produced from the burning specimens were assessed; including time to ignition, flaming duration, peak of heat release rate, total heat release, smoke production rate, average specific extinction area, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide production. The correlation between the thermal parameters was discussed and it was concluded the total heat release had direct dependence on combustible nature of the material and the surface density and reverse dependence on time to ignition. Meanwhile, the fire toxicity hazard parameters including carbon monoxide production rates and smoke toxicity were evaluated. The smoke toxicity was expressed in terms of the two parameters: fractional effective dose (FED) and toxicity index (LC50). The obtained results showed that the most tested materials had a dangerous behavior in case of fire and can cause flashover in the room. They released considerable amount of heat with high peaks of heat release rate. Especially epoxy, MDF and polycarbonate samples showed a high potential for contribution in fire growth. In addition, the epoxy, PVC and polycarbonate produced the highest amounts of smoke and carbon monoxide. It should be noted that the production amount of carbon monoxide was measured in an open system in which air is circulated with a certain velocity. So in a real fire, these values ​​can be accumulated and increased in the room of fire. Among the tested samples, polycarbonate (PC) and PVC flooring (PVC-F) showed the highest value of FED, however it seems that the assessment of carbon monoxide versus time could provide more important information for assessment of smoke toxicity. The results showed that it is needed to regulate the fire behavior of building finishes and restrict their application in buildings. For this purpose, a fire risk classification was needed, which will be studied in further steps of the research.