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This study was conducted to assess the habitat suitability of Carissa carandas in India is crucial for its sustainable integration into agriculture under changing climatic conditions. This study utilized Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modelling to evaluate the species’ distribution across current and future scenarios (2050 and 2070) under four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs: 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5). Results indicated that temperature-related variables, particularly the Minimum Temperature of the Coldest Month (MiTCM, contributing 46.8% in 2070 RCP 2.6) and Isothermality (contributing up to 35.2% in 2070 RCP 8.5), are the dominant climatic drivers. Land use and land cover (LULC) factors such as urbanization (49.8%), total cultivated land (28.1%), and grassland (9.0%) significantly influence habitat suitability. Under current conditions, optimal habitat spans 4,588 km², decreasing by 38.95% under LULC scenarios. Projected habitat changes indicate a 2.04% gain under 2070 RCP 2.6 but an 11.06% decline under 2050 RCP 2.6. Southern and western regions, including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Gujarat, exhibit high suitability, habitat fragmentation is projected in northern and western India due to climate change and land use modifications. These findings underscore the need for proactive conservation planning and climate-adaptive agricultural strategies to optimize the cultivation of C. carandas. Policymakers and stakeholders should focus on preserving suitable regions while mitigating urbanization-induced habitat loss. Furthermore, integrating underutilized crops into climate-resilient agriculture can enhance biodiversity, improve food security, and support sustainable farming practices in the face of climate change.
 

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Climate change (CC) is one of the major challenges of our time that impacts rangelands regionally and globally. The rising vulnerability among pastoralists highlights the need to prioritize resilience thinking. Pastoralists' resilience refers to the ability of rangeland businesses to endure, adapt to, and remain flexible in the face of threats or challenges. This research was conducted with the primary goal of analyzing the factors that influence resilience from the perspective of pastoralists in Tehran province under CC conditions. This research was both goal-oriented and exploratory in methodology. The study sample consisted of 317 pastoralists selected through stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Software SmartPLS was used for data analysis. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed using the average variance extracted, while its reliability was established by calculating composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique with Smart PLS software. The structural equation modeling indicated that economic, institutional, ecological, physical, social, educational and extensional and individual factors had the greatest impact on Pastoralists' Resilience under Climate Change (PRCC) conditions. These factors explained 75.5% of the PRCC conditions.
 

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Climate change is one of the challenges of today to affect the agriculture sector. Climate change in Iran in recent years has caused a decrease in rainfall and an increase in temperature and continuous droughts. Agricultural production in Iran has been affected by climate change and has faced a decrease in the production of various products. The purpose of this research was to identify social, economic and environmental consequences of climate change in Iran's agricultural sector and designing a model of Planned Management Behavior (PMB). A mixed qualitative and quantitative method was used in this research. The study sample of this research in the qualitative phase included 15 key experts who have knowledge of the consequences of climate change and in the quantitative section, there were 100 experts of the agricultural Jihad of Khuzestan province. Based on the qualitative results, the consequences of climate change were identified. In the quantitative phase, it was determined that 69.3% of attitude towards the consequences of climate changes are explained by the independent variables of concerns about social, economic and environmental consequences, feeling the need for risk management, and perceived value. Also, 71.2% of changes in planned management intention to control the consequences of climate changes are affected by the attitude towards the consequences, tendency to control behavior, personal and mental norms. Finally, 69.8% of changes in PMB for control the consequences of climate changes are caused by the use of planned management intention to control the consequences, action planning and coping planning.

 

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As climate change intensifies the frequency and severity of droughts, adaptive behavior becomes increasingly crucial. Farmers' capacity to modify their practices in response to evolving climate conditions is vital for ensuring long-term agricultural sustainability and food security. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the psychological factors affecting farmers' adaptation behaviors in response to drought, using the health belief model. The sample comprised 380 farmers from Kohdashat County in Lorestan Province, western Iran, selected via a three-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results indicated that self-efficacy; perceived benefits, perceived vulnerability, and perceived barriers explained about 49% of the variance in farmers’ adaptation behavior. Perceived benefits emerged as the strongest predictor of adaptation, while cues to action and perceived severity were insignificant. These findings support the health belief model's practicality and effectiveness in examining water conservation behavior among Iranian farmers.
 

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Climate change has become one of humanity's greatest challenges. Rising temperatures, weather fluctuations, and especially changes in precipitation and wind patterns have profound impacts on infrastructure and urban structures. These changes not only increase the risk of natural disasters but also affect the design and construction of buildings. Therefore, the development of innovative solutions to enhance the seismic performance and resilience of these buildings, especially in regions susceptible to climate change, is crucial. This study examines the performance of an 8-story steel structure with geometric irregularity in its plan against the effects of climate change, focusing on wind loading under three different wind speed increase scenarios including:1-low 2-moderate, and 3-severe. To mitigate the negative effects of these changes on the seismic performance of the structure, magnetorheological damper was employed. The entire floor slabs of the structure were considered rigid. The modified Bouc-Wen method was used to indicate damper behavior in dynamic equations of the structure and two control scenarios including passive control and active control were considered. NatHaz online wind simulator data base was used for modeling wind loading on structure and the Simulink environment of MATLAB was used to model the structure equipped with a magnetorheological damper under wind loading. 
The results indicated that a slight increase in wind speed led to an average increase of 35%, while a moderate increase resulted in over 60%, and a severe increase in wind speed caused more than a 100% rise in maximum displacement, drift, and base shear responses of structure. By adding magnetorheological damper to improve the negative effects of increased wind speed on the seismic performance of the structure, the damper was able to reduce the maximum displacement, drift, and base shear of the floor where it was installed by 14%, 32%, and 38% respectively in scenario (1), by 16%, 40%, and 32% respectively in scenario (2), and by 8%, 28%, and 29% respectively in scenario (3). This indicates that the damper effectively controlled the response of the floor it is installed on and was able to mitigate the negative effects of climate change. Furthermore, this damper not only positively affected the floor it was installed on but also improved the seismic response of the roof level, maintaining its effectiveness across all three climate change scenarios. Additionally, the results indicated that the damper performs better in active control mode compared to passive mode. However, the parameters related to maximum acceleration of the floor indicates a significant increase in the active control scenario, while in the passive control scenario, no significant changes were observed. The best results were achieved in the low and moderate wind speed increase scenarios. Although in the severe wind speed increase scenario, the damper maintained its effective performance. In conclusion, it can be said that the force generated by the magnetorheological damper has intelligent adjustability, which can change based on environmental conditions and loading. This feature allows structures to respond more quickly to sudden environmental changes and provides greater safety against damage caused by climatic conditions as well as enhancing the resilience of structures against adverse weather conditions.
 

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Analysis of the spatial and temporal trends of precipitation and temperature are pertinent for future development and sustainable management of water resources in a given region. In this paper, we present a study concerning the climatic behavior of two principal observables Variables, viz. monthly temperature (maximum and minimum) and mean precipitations obtained from the measurements carried out in 60 Iranian meteorological stations for 40 years from 1969 to 2008. The Mann-Kendall test was used to detect the significant trends.Results showed that during summer and autumn, the precipitation had a negative trend (at 5% significant level) in the south-eastern parts of Iran and this trend is less during spring, but no special trend was observed in winter. The minimum and the maximum temperatures did not have any particular trend in winter. Spring was accompanied by an increase in positive trend in the maximum temperatures in the south-west and north-east, while the minimum temperature only limited in the south-west parts. Positive and negative trends of the minimum temperature were very dispersed during the summer. The maximum temperatures had a negative trend in the north-west and no positive trend was observed at 5% significant level. During autumn, the temperatures indices had positive and negative trends with a wide range of dispersion.

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  Prediction of climatic variables on a local scale by General Circulation Models of the atmosphere is impossible because the models have large-scale network of resolution. Therefore, downscaling methods are used to solve this problem. Since the climate change phenomenon can affect different systems such as, water resources, agriculture, environment, industry and economy as well, Selection of the most suitable downscaling method is very important. This study aims to evaluate performance of Change-Factor (CF) and LARS-WG downscaling methods in prediction of future climate variability of the Azam River Watershed, located in Yazd Province, Iran, for the period of 2010-2039. For this purpose, the CGCM3-AR4 model under the A2 emission scenario and also two methods of downscaling including statistical (LARS-WG) and proportional (CF) approaches were applied. The results showed increasing of temperature by both downscaling methods in the Azam River watershed in the future. Average temperature difference obtained from the two methods is about 3 to 4 percent. On the other hand, based on the climate condition, the amount of rainfall varied in the whole watershed, in a way that the future maximum precipitation difference calculated by two downscaling methods is about 30 percent.

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Projected global climate change may have a major influence on crop yield. The likely effects of climate change caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on rice yield in Iran were evaluated using a mechanistic growth model for rice, GSAC-rice, running under a climate change scenario predicted for a doubled-CO2 (2xCO2) atmosphere by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) General Circulation Model (GCM). Simulations were run for two locations with contrasting climates, one in the north (Rasht) and one in the south (Ahwaz) of Iran. GFDL predicted that as a result of doubling CO2 , temperature increases by 4.5 and 4.6 0C during the rice growing season in Rasht and Ahwaz, respectively. Changes in solar radiation are minor, but rainfall during the rice growing season decreases by 38.8% (102 mm) for Rasht and 68.2% (5.8 mm) for Ahwaz. It was predicted that doubling [CO2] alone increased rice yield by 30%, but that yield decreases by 3.7 and 11.6% for each degree centigrade rise in temperature in Rasht and Ahwaz, respectively. As a result of the combined effect of both doubling [CO2] and the climate change accompanying it (predicted with GFDL), 8% greater rice could be produced in Rasht, but irrigation needs would be increased dramatically by 57%. In Ahwaz (the south of Iran), rice production could be halved and might not even remain a viable option unless plant breeders are able to produce more heat tolerant rice cultivars. It was concluded that rice production in the north and south of the country would change dramatically.

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During the last century, the idea of material progress and domination of nature, despite its undeniable achievements on various levels of life, has posed several dangers and environmental damages to human life. According to the evidence and research conducted on the destructive environmental issues in Iran, our country is not safe from what can be called the risk of progress trap. In the present study, the research question addresses the effects of changing and destroying the natural and ancient texture of land on the health of life sphere. In response to this question, a hypothesis has been tested indicating that conscious and unconscious interventions and manipulations in the natural context of the ecosystem and climate can expose the ever- diverse and balanced nature of Iran to erosion and inevitable bad frequencies. The present article method is descriptive-analytic and critical approach is used as a theoretical framework. The theoretical foundations of “climate” in political geography and “life-world” in phenomenological philosophy are used as tools for analysis.

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Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN), caused by the synergistic effect of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV; Tombusviridae: Machlomovirus) and any potyvirus, has the potential to devastate maize production across Africa. Since the first report in Kenya in 2011, MLN has spread to Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and probably other surrounding countries. To understand the spatiotemporal distribution of MCMV and MLN risk in Africa, we developed ecological niche models using a genetic algorithm (GARP). Model inputs included climatic data (temperature and rainfall) and known detections of MCMV and MLN across Africa. Model performances were more statistically significant (p < 0.05) than random expectations, with Receivership Operating Curves (ROC) / Area Under Curve (AUC) scores above 86% and Kappa values above 0.936. Field observations generally confirmed model predictions. MCMV and MLN-positive incidences across the region corresponded to a variety of temperature and precipitation regimes in the semi-arid and sub-humid tropical sectors of central and eastern Africa. Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Democratic Republic of Congo have the potential to lose 662,974, 625,690 and 615,940 km² potential maizelandmass, respectively. In terms of proportional loss of national maize production area, Rwanda, Burundi, and Swaziland have the potential to lose each 100%, and Uganda 88.1%. Future projections indicate smaller potential areas (-18% and -24% by 2020 and 2050, respectively) but climates consistent with current MCMV distributions and MLN risk are predicted even into the future. In conclusion, MLN risk in Africa is high, hence the need for better allocation of resources in management of MLN, with special emphasis on eastern and central Africa, which are and will remain hotspots for these problems in the future.

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Background: Global warming and climate change are widely indicated as important phenomena in the 21st century that cause serious impacts on the global water resources. Changes in temperature, precipitation and evaporation are occurring in regions throughout the world, resulting in changes including, runoff, streamflow and groundwater regimes, reduced water quantity and quality.
Materials and Methods: Relying upon thirty years of base data (1965–1994), three global circulation models (GCM), namely GISS, GFDM and CCC, are utilized to assess impact of climate change to groundwater recharge rates between years 2010 to 2050 for the Guelph region of the Grand River Basin in Canada. The resulting groundwater recharge rates for alternative soil layers are used to assess water balance conditions, and ultimately, the percolation rate to the groundwater using the Visual-HELP model.
Results: While the climate change impact assessment indicates that evaporation will increase and percolation will decrease during summer, increased percolation is indicated in winter due to additional freeze/thaw dimensions of climate change. The net effect is that the impact of climate change, based upon use of GCM models, is expected to increase groundwater recharge rate by 10% on average (7% for CCC, 10.6% for GISS and 12% for GFDM) in future.                                  
Discussion and Conclusions: According to the results of this research in the Guelph region, the monthly average percolation rate is higher with climate change; (i) the percolation rate is increased during winter due to freeze/thaw effects, while (ii) it is decreased during summer due to higher evaporation rate.

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Introduction
The land of Iran is located in a belt of dry and desert areas of the earth, which suffers the most unfavorable effects from climate change. Climate change is evident in the Zayandehrud basin, and its effects are evident in the decrease of rainfall and increase in temperature in recent years, as well as the continuation of droughts in the Zayandehrud watershed. With the reduction of river water flow, the allocation of water to the agricultural and environmental sectors in the middle and downstream parts has faced a problem. The need for water in this basin is high, so that during these years, the effort to obtain water in the Zayandehrud basin has entered a new arena in the form of tension, conflict, protests, and social unrest. One of the most important consequences of climate change is that it forces governments to plan inter-basin transfers. As a result of the water transfer policies without taking into account the religious rights and the environmental rights of the Zayandehrud bed and the Gavkhoni wetland, many social differences between the provinces have intensified.                                                                                                  
Methodology
In terms of its purpose, the current research is an applied research that considering the historical, geographical, economic and political importance of the area, identifies the dimensions and effects of climate change in the Zayandehrud watershed and explains how climate change can increase crisis and tension in the watershed. This can be a useful guide for planners and decision makers in the field. In terms of method and nature, this research is descriptive-analytic, and the method of data gathering procedure is based on library sources, including books, magazines, and databases.                              
Research findings
The turning of snow into rain at the source of the Zayandehrud and the increase in evaporation has led to the reduction of lands in the downstream part of the river, so that the area of "agricultural" and "pasture" lands has decreased in the middle and downstream parts. The number of wells has increased dramatically in recent years. The number of wells in the middle and downstream parts has increased significantly in this period, the average depth of the wells in the basin has increased by 4.8 meters, which is 6.65 meters in the upstream part, 5.55 meters in the middle part, and 28.28 meters in the downstream part. An average of 6 meters has been added to the depth of the wells. The increase in inter-provincial tensions, of which prominent examples were observed between Khuzestan, Isfahan and Chaharmahal Bakhtiari provinces in recent years, is one of the most important political consequences of climate change, which forces governments to plan inter-basin transfers. Isfahan farmers are the most important group protesting the critical water situation in this basin. One of the most important concerns of the people of the region and the most important cause of strikes and conflicts in recent years is the reduction of water resources and the reduction of agricultural activity. In recent years, the farmers of the region have expressed their protests in various ways, such as breaking and breaking water pipes, strikes, demonstrations and blocking the road with tractors, referring to the province and other ways. Public tension and protests regarding water supply and optimal water management for the residents of Zayandehrud Basin are not limited to the residents and beneficiaries of Zayandehrud Watershed. Hydro-political issues of the Behesht Abad water transfer project in the upper part of the Karun Basin, which has been the cause of local, regional and even national disputes between people and officials at the source and destination. This has caused social and political differences between the residents and beneficiaries of the upstream watersheds and the mentioned watersheds, and due to the ethnic differences of the watersheds, this issue has turned into an internal hydro-political crisis that has created gaps between ethnic groups. Climate change has hit the agriculture sector the most. Also, the first procedural consequence is the increase in the amount of unemployment and the immigration crisis. Immigration has led to the dispersal of kinship relations and the loss of solidarity, ethnic cohesion, and the increase of individualism and isolation, and as a result marginalization and drug addiction. The drying of Zayandehroud riverbed due to climate change has caused numerous cracks and subsidence in different areas of the watershed in Isfahan province. The depth of these cracks is very deep and in some cases they have a depth of more than 10 meters. Cracks have caused serious damages to roads and agricultural land.                                 
Conclusions
Climate change in the Zayandehrud basin is one of the factors that threaten the water resources in the basin. The climate change and decrease in rainfall and the expansion of agriculture and water-bearing industries has led to the destruction of nature and the geographical space and the lowering of the underground water level and even the transformation of permanent rivers into seasonal and seasonal into casual and dry rivers, and to compensate for this situation, the water transfer policy. This approach has caused political and security tensions in this region. Among the hydro-political issues of the water transfer projects in the mentioned catchment basin and its negative social-political consequences can be the intensification of local and regional conflicts and divergences, jeopardizing local and regional security, political activism of people and officials, ethnic diversity and political and regional sensitivities. One of the factors that play a basic role in creating negative political activism caused by water transfer is the strengthening of political regionalism, which itself is caused by weak management policies. This leads to the formulation of "negative hydro-politics" on a national and regional scale, and in turn has negative effects on local, regional and even national security issues.

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Background: Prediction of future climate change is based on output of global climate models (GCMs). However, because of coarse spatial resolution of GCMs (tens to hundreds of kilometers), there is a need to convert GCM outputs into local meteorological and hydrological variables using a downscaling approach. Downscaling technique is a method of converting the coarse spatial resolution of GCM outputs at the regional or local scale. This study proposed a novel hybrid downscaling method based on artificial neural network (ANN) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Materials and Methods: Downscaling technique is implemented to assess the effect of climate change on a basin. The current study aims to explore a hybrid model to downscale monthly precipitation in the Minab basin, Iran. The model was proposed to downscale large scale climatic variables, based on a feed-forward ANN optimized by PSO. This optimization algorithm was employed to decide the initial weights of the neural network. The National Center for Environmental Prediction and National Centre for Atmospheric Research reanalysis datasets were utilized to select the potential predictors. The performance of the artificial neural network-particle swarm optimization model was compared with artificial neural network model which is trained by Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm. The reliability of the models were evaluated by using root mean square error and coefficient of determination (R²). Results: The results showed the robustness and reliability of the ANN-PSO model for predicting the precipitation which it performed better than the ANN-LM. It was concluded that ANN-PSO is a better technique for statistically downscaling GCM outputs to monthly precipitation than ANN-LM. Discussion and Conclusions: This method can be employed effectively to downscale large-scale climatic variables to monthly precipitation at station scale.

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Every unit which has identity for purposes of role and outward appearance in the geographical space, and its location of the place in the space that is specified, it could be accounted as a building that settlement should be figured as a type of these units. Housing, as one of the basic needs of mankind, has economical, social, and cultural characteristics. Being multidimensional, housing has found its place in the priorities of human life. Meanwhile, development of urban society has found its roots in the rural way of life. Rural housing due to its functional role and its underlying effects on the everyday›s life reserves its own special importance. The rural housing has a remarkable differences to city housing not only from outward appearance aspects but also from respected contains. These differences could be found only by study of compatibility of them with the around natural environment and different housing functions compatible with the environment and villagers activities and besides that the traditional experiences of construction. The rural houses for their residents prepare the necessary spaces for living, store of food and other articles, the place for domestic animals, and a place as a community center for communications, exchange of views and so on. In reality components and spaces forms the elements of house of residential unit and eventually define the functions of rural houses. The rural houses have different functions. The study and investigation of architecture and structures of rural houses not only can recognize the circumstances of construction and experiences of formers in the architectural harmony with the environment and climate but also can be as a light in the improvement road of rural houses in front of responsible persons and experts. In the investigation and recognition of rural settlements, typology of villages in one of the objects that for ease of rural development planning always should be considered. In principal, the rural typology is one of the main rural geographical subjects. Diversity in the type of villages is a consequence of differences of factors and phenomena which has been effective in coming into existence of villages. In human subjects, type of villages as compared with (with regard to) physical factors is more effective of the social and economic structures of villages, although the physical factors also play their role. The spatial establishment model of rural settlements for the reason of dependence of its most productive activities. The natural conditions and factors, more than the urban settlements can be influenced by these factors. The public fabric of rural settlements states the shape, form and model that are resulted from influence of different factors in the village land and the method of connection and interaction of these elements and their characteristics. In this manner, the skeleton fabric of these settlements is the representation of the disciplined method of houses and establishment of agricultural land and also quality of setting the roads and squares (road system) next to each other (saeidi, 53 ,2002). Distinction and differentiation of density rate and shape (form) of each village can help the nature recognition and also the social – economical differences that are ruling it. In this matter, rural housing is manifestation place of livelihood – living methods and eventually forces and environmental key factors and social- economical trends are effective on shaping up them. In this research, the method of study is based on field and document study, that documental method is including written document in the area of rural life and statistical resources. In the field study method for investigation of housing characteristics in the rural fabric, four principal methods of cluster sampling have been used. In this cluster category, it is tried the majority methods and also the ones from space point of view are usable and it is possible to use them in making model and repair for preservation of rural culturalheritage should be chosen. In choosing some models, regional native characteristics are considered in a way that housing as an outcome and product of architecture with the climatic conditioning of the zones are harmonized. Settlements of Semnan province in regard of natural environment characteristics and also from extent and population is confronted by the diversity. In this manner, for sampling, at the beginning, settlements of province based on population and four separated cities have been categorized in four population zones. Then for the reason of natural limitation establishment and forming of the settlements that following it in the fabric whole construction and rural housing has had remarkable influence. Four zones of villages in each city of province from natural establishment model point of view have been divided in three mountainous, hillside and flat zones. The results of investigations show that position and climatic geographic characteristics have a significant role in rural housing fabric and outward appearance and forming model of spaces, function of rural housing and types of construction materials of housing fabric of village which have been used with the native traditions and public recognition of material production technology and implementation of efficient models in the architecture of building housing have been continuous and sustainable. Investigation of rural housing architecture as a guide can play a role in development and improvement of rural housing in front of planners and experts. In this article, investigation of rural housing characteristics in three zones of flat, hillside and mountainous have been done and recognition and investigation of some of the housing models in each zone, the internal form and function of rural housing and the type of materials that have been used in houses. In this research, choosing some of the models with the pre-assumption that is being efficient and also possibility of copying of model along with construction and with repair and rehabilitation of housing in rural fabric provides the possibility of harmony of housing with climate for residents. The results of investigations show that situation, geographic factors and characteristics have a significant role in development of architecture models proportional to climate in each zone and rural housing outward appearance has formed proportional to them. Based on investigations that have been done in the region of study of housing units regarding to extent, form, shape and different spaces of each housing unit have been divided in three kinds of main spaces and the type of establishment and directional spaces are influenced by natural conditions that common model of space making in each of the zone in establishment of space model and choosing direction related to radiation and wind that get into shape. Also, materials and the type of construction materials that are used in housing fabric which is depending on natural environment and has a great support of native material. The role of the yard in every three zones in the organizing of spaces has been effective and common face of all the models. Also veranda in hillside and mountainous zones has a remarkable role between human and environment in outward appearance and fabric of some villages in aesthetics point of view and also in climatic has been significant. Some of the important materials that are used in housing are sun-dried brick, stone, brick and wood that have direct relation with regional native and geographic conditions. The other important point in rural architecture is the good interaction and the housing and influence of native and cultural characteristics of builders of buildings that shows their role in simplicity and clearness of spaces also the possibility of alternation and floating of activity in spaces and models could be seen. Product of this approach produces native architecture and harmony with climate that should be seen between human and nature and also can be found identicalness with architecture.

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Improving the quality of life has always been considered as one of the human purposes. “creating and maintaining balance between natural and built environment” has a significant role in improving the quality of life. Before industrial revolution, man and nature always was in balance but after formation of industrial revolution this balance was faded and lost ,over the years. This imbalance, reached the highest level in the second half of the last century. During the second half of the last century, the world’s urban population has increased tremendously. Migration to cities has primarily occurred, and will continue to happen, in the so-called less developed countries as the result of increased economic and social opportunities offered in urban areas and the degradation of rural economies and societies. The extremely rapid urbanization has led to extremely serious environmental, social, political, economic, institutional, demographic and cultural problems. The tremendous increase in the world’s population and in urbanization is the main reason for the continuous increase of energy demand and consumption in most countries. Building sector and transportation sector are the major consumers of energy in many cities. To responding energy demand of these sectors, the use of fossil fuel is rising. One of the consequences of this rising, is increasing pollutant like greenhouse gases. Increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is leading to climate change. According to IPCC report in 2014, GHG emission is the major cause of climate change. Climate change brought about by man-made emissions of greenhouse gases has been identified as the greatest challenge facing human society at the beginning of the twenty first century. Climate change, it is predicted, may potentially damage every natural and human system on the planet. Today, climate change is became as one of the most important concerns of scientific and political circles, so It is clear that urgent action is needed and that the scale and scope of such action will be hugely varied. At present, the main worldwide response to the threat of climate change is mitigation; especially the lowering of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across a variety of scales. The preponderance of scientific evidence suggests that climate change is caused and exacerbated by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and that lowering the amount of gas being emitted will limit climate change effects. An increasing amount of climate research now points to adaptation as a necessary means of addressing unavoidable climate change impacts. Adaptation to climate change refers to efforts to develop resilience to predicted or potential climate impacts and effects before and as they happen. In order to responding climate change- as the biggest crisis of this era- and achieving adaptation to climate change, proposing efforts and strategies in various disciplines is inevitable and unavoidable. Urban design and its strategies can have a key role to responding climate change impacts and achieve adaptation. But it is obvious that traditional urban design is not sufficient to responding this. A new paradigm is required to develop resilient cities that can adapt and thrive in changing global conditions, meet the requirements of carbon-reduction and other environmental measures, and sustain urban populations in more compact settings by providing amenities that people need and want. The scope and speed of current changes demands that urban designers define compelling visions and integrated design measures for shaping resilient cities. From energy and transportation to water and green infrastructure, urban designers can shape these systems to shrink our ecological footprint, configure resilient urban form and adapt our cities to climate change. A climate-resilient urban design strategy requires expanding traditional place-making urban design qualities to include principles of sustainable design such as resilience, comfort, resource efficiency, and biotic support. Today, resilience is one of the most important qualities that considered in urban design. There are various ways to achieve resiliency through urban design. Reducing CO2 emission is the most known and common way to achieve resiliency. In the past, efforts at reducing CO2 have focused primarily on building scale (low to zero-energy buildings). While there has been great progress in the energy efficient buildings over the past forty years, buildings alone do not include transportation and infrastructure systems (energy, water and waste) as part of the design process, so low-carbon urban design is considered as an inevitable necessity. Low-carbon urban design principles can be classified into sevencategories which are called as “seven rules of sustainable and low-carbon urban design”. These principles include: 1)restore streetcar city, 2)designing an interconnected street system, 3)locate commercial services, frequent transit, and school within a five-minute walk, 4)locate good jobs close to affordable homes, 5) provide a diversity of housing types, 6)create a linked system of natural areas and parks,7)invest in lighter, greener, cheaper, and smarter infrastructure. These principles represent the elements of a whole. Achieving one without the others – particularly if it is at the expense of the others – will be of limited value and could be counterproductive. Low-carbon urban design principles and strategies can be applied in different scales. Among the scales proposed for urban design, neighborhood is recognized as an appropriate scale for application of low to zero-carbon urban design strategies, because it aggregates all the systems and flows. It has the potential to integrate the design of transportation, buildings, infrastructures, landscape and land-use while engaging the design of public realm as part of the system. This article seeks to present the urban design criteria for low to zero-carbon neighborhood by exploring the studies and the best practices (in Freiburg, Hannover, Stockholm, Malmö and London) to create low to zero carbon neighborhoods. The result of the research is shown as urban design criteria which categorized by urban form and building typology, transportation and land-use, energy, landscape design and creativity. These criteria not only is in consistent with the low – carbon urban design principles, but also if these criteria are applied in an integrated way, we can expect creating a low to zero-carbon neighborhood; A neighborhood with qualities, such as local identity, inclusion, human scale, lower energy consumption, lower CO2 emissions and, most importantly, greater resilience.

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Introduction
Increasing demand on the one hand, and decreasing resources for various reasons on the other hand, have doubled the importance of providing, managing, and optimally using freshwater resources in arid countries. Iran has experienced water shortages because of geographical reasons since ancient times, and today it is facing with water shortages due to human reasons and improper management of water resources. The increasing complexity of the water shortages has led to the emergence of problems in recent years. All economic sectors of the country have been affected by the aforementioned problems, and agricultural activities are not as prosperous as they were in the past. From a social perspective, the spread of migration and dissatisfaction have been consequences of the intensification of water shortages.
Security and access to water resources has been a topic of land management and geographic spatial organizing in Iran. Access to water resources has been the first reason for geographical dispersion of the population in Iran. This research which has focused on the water shortage in Iran, tries to explain the hydropolitical nature of the country's water resources and the transformation of the challenge of water shortages into a crisis.

The research method
This research with an inductive approach using the strategy of geographical and documentary studies is descriptive-analytic and data gathering procedure is based on library findings. Also, valid indicators have been used to measure the state of resources.

Findings
Factors influencing the emergence of challenges can be divided into two groups: natural and human factors. The obvious form of climate change in Iran is the change in the pattern of precipitation. Decrease in precipitation, change in precipitation patterns, change in intensity and duration of precipitation, irregularity in precipitation, and increase in temperature are the most important outputs of climate change in the country. According to the findings, the increase in temperature and the decrease in precipitation in the coming years will lead to a decrease in available fresh water resources.
Annual total rainfall, surface and groundwater inflow and outflow to the country is 400.8 billion cubic meters. Of the total 100 percent of rainfall, 60 percent is lost through direct evaporation. Another 11 percent is lost through forests, pastures, and rainfed areas. Thus, more than 70 percent of the water received is quickly lost through evaporation and transpiration before entering the consumption cycle. The remaining water volume for the country is about 130 billion cubic meters and in fact constitutes the country's water potential.
Climate change has had a significant impact on precipitation systems, and in addition to creating temporal irregularity, it has also exacerbated spatial irregularity. Iran is among the nine countries most vulnerable to climate change. Changing precipitation patterns is one of the most obvious consequences of climate change worldwide. A prominent form of climate change in Iran is also the change in precipitation patterns. Decreased precipitation, changing precipitation patterns, changes in the intensity and duration of precipitation, irregularity in the timing of precipitation, and increased temperature are the most important outcomes of climate change in the country.
The country's resources are managed by the Ministry of Energy, but the most important water consumer is the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. Department of Environment is responsible for monitoring and supervising water resources to ensure water purity. Multiple and separate policies have led to the failure to achieve integrated water resource management and the failure to integrate water policies has led to a diversity of water strategies.
One of the most important challenges facing the country's water resources is the excessive exploitation of these resources. This exploitation has reached such a level that the capacity for aquifer restoration has been destroyed and a negative balance has become a common feature of all aquifers. The limited availability of groundwater resources, the imbalance in the groundwater balance, the lack of permanent rivers, and the subsequent weakness of groundwater aquifer recharge have exacerbated these limitations in recent years.
Inter-basin water transfer, plain subsidence, and insecurity caused by water shortages are consequences of improper management of the country's water resources. One of the most important challenges of the country's water resources is the excessive exploitation of these resources. Water shortage has aggravated the imbalance in the underground water balance, the lack of permanent rivers and then the weakness of feeding the underground water reservoirs.
According to the surveys conducted and the statistics and information of the synoptic stations and the Ministry of Energy, in the last 15 years, the temperature of the Iran has increased by about 1 degree Celsius. Also, the country's rainfall has decreased by about 15% in this period compared to the long-term period. Over exploitation and decrease in rainfall have caused the number of prohibited plains increase from 15 plains in 1968 to 405 plains in 2017.

Conclusion
The findings of this research indicate that mismanagement on the one hand and climate changes from the other hand are turning the water shortage problem into a water shortage crisis in Iran. The assessment of Iran's water resources situation in the form of indicators also emphasizes that it is on the brink of a water shortage crisis.
Over exploitation has caused a deficit of 5 billion cubic meters per year, and as a result, the level of underground water has dropped. Exploitation of rivers flow has exceeded the permitted level and the rivers of the country have been prevented from their usual and natural flow. The phenomenon of water scarcity will lead to unemployment, widespread migration, protests, subsidence of plains, excessive land dryness, increased dust production, disruption of urban and rural life, loss of plant and animal ecosystems, etc. The results of the continuation of the current trend of the country's water resources are a growing linear situation with expanding dimensions.

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