1 2322-2700 Tarbiat Modares University 11809 Effects of Different Drought and Salinity Levels on Seed Germination of Citrullus colocynthis Niknahad Gharmakher Hamid b Saberi Morteza c Heshmati Gholamali d Barani Hossein e Shahriyari Alireza f b Ph.D. Student, Department of Rangeland Management, College of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. (Instructor of Zabol University, Zabol, Iran) c Assistant Professor, Department of Rangeland Management, College of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran d Professor, Department of Rangeland Management, College of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran e Associate Professor, Department of Rangeland Management, College of Rangeland and Watershed Managemet, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran f Associate Professor, Department of Soil Engineering, College of Water and Soil, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran 1 9 2017 5 3 903 1917 15 02 2017 19 07 2017 Background: Environmental stresses, especially salinity and drought, are effective on seed germination and growth. Materials and Methods: After breaking seed dormancy by simultaneous use of leaching (48 hours) and gibberllic acid (1000 ppm), germination characteristics and seedling growth of Citrullus colocynthis from two ecotypes of Sistan-Baluchestan with six  levels of drought (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2, -1.5 Mpa) and salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM) were studied. This experiment was carried out in two different factorial experiments using completely randomized design with four replications. Statistical analysis was performed using version 18 of SPSS software and Factorial analysis of variance (general linear model) and mean comparisons were done using Duncan's multiple range test. Results: The results demonstrated that there were significant differences among different levels of drought and salinity in all measured traits (P<0.01) and a significant decrease in seed germination and seedling growth were observed with increasing levels of drought and salinity (P<0.01). The results revealed that there were significant interactions effect between ecotype and different levels of drought as well as salinity (P<0.01), so seed vigor of Zabol’ ecotype was higher than that of Saravan. Discussion and Conclusions: This species has acceptable germination at -0.6 Mpa droughts and 50 mM salinity. These issues must be considered in its intense planting in Sistan-Baluchestan province and using of Zabol’ ecotype seed is recommended.
308 An Analysis of the Impact of Socio-Economic Variables upon Local Communities’ Participation in Rangeland Protection (Case study: Gomorgan Village-Malard County) Nasry Maede g Ghorbani Mehdi h Jafari Mohammad i Rafiee Hamed j g M.Sc. Student Desert Management Department of Arid and Mountains Regions Reclamation, Faculty of Natural Resources,University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran h Associate professor, Department of Arid and Mountains Regions Reclamation, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran i Professor, Departmentof Arid and Mountains Regions Reclamation, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran j Assistant Professor, Departments of Agricultural Economics,Faculty of Economics and Agricultural Development, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 1 9 2017 5 3 1829 1836 27 08 2016 08 07 2017 Background: The participation of local communities is considered as one of the major factors contributing to social and economic growth and development in rangeland management. Therefore, an analysis of variables affecting their participation contributes greatly to foreseeing the needs and fulfilling the shortages of a participation program. The present paper is an attempt to investigate the impact of socio- economic variables effecting local communities’ participation. Materials and Methods:The pilot area of the present study was Gomorgan village in Malard County (Tehran Province). Regression function was used for examining the impact of explanatory variables (socio-economic) upon participation of local communities to rangeland protection. Shazam 9 software was applied for logit regression function analysis. Results: It was found out that the variables such as age, education, bid and importance of rangelands as livestock production inputs had negative effects upon local communities’ participation in Malard’s rangeland protection, whileincome had positive effects. Conclusions: It can be concluded that enhancing the socio- economic condition of local community could be a useful tool to increase the success level of the conservation projects in rangeland management. 4741 Extraction of Individual Tree Parameters by Using Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data in Hyricanian Forest Pazhouhan Iman k Najafi Akbar l Kamkar Rouhani Abolghasem m Vahidi Javad n k Ph.D. Student, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran l Associate Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran m Associate Professor, Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran n Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 1 9 2017 5 3 1837 1847 16 10 2016 06 05 2017 Background: In this study for the first time terrestrial laser scanning survey was implemented on upland Hyrcanian forest, through which a and new method was applied to automatically extract DBH and tree position as a necessary step for height calculation and fitting the clustering as a circle. Materials and Methods: Tree height extracted by fixing a cylinder around the trees center. The accuracies of these methods were investigated by field measurement. Among 4 shapes fitting algorithm, Monte Carlo had more suitable result to fitting circle in each height above the ground. Results: Tree detection rates were 85% for Carpinus betulus and 87% for Diyospyrus lotus with respect to field measurement. R2 and RMSE for DBH measurement were 0.98, 2.06 cm for Carpinus betulus and 0.98, 1.26 cm for Diyospyrus lotus. Value of R2 and RMSE for height measurement were 0.96, 3.37 meters and 0.93, 3.02 meters for Carpinus betulus and Diyospyrus lotus, respectively.             Conclusions: The accuracy of DBH by TLS is very suitable, and about the height of trees we extracted underestimated value in comparison to field measurement and that we need to develop more effective algorithms in order to reach more accurate measurement of trees’ height in Hyrcanian forest. 6070 Effect of a Long-Term Compost Treatment on the Water Management of Sandy Soil Aranyos József Tibor o Makádi Marianna p Orosz Viktória Tomócsik Attila Demeter Ibolya Mészáros József Blaskó Lajos o Researcher of Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, University of Debrecen, Nyíregyháza, Hungary p Researcher of Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, University of Debrecen, Nyíregyháza, Hungary Researcher of Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, University of Debrecen, Nyíregyháza, Hungary Researcher of Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, University of Debrecen, Nyíregyháza, Hungary Researcher of Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, University of Debrecen, Nyíregyháza, Hungary Head of Departmentof Nyírségvíz Closed Shareholder Group, Nyíregyháza, Hungary Professor, Institute of Water and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary 1 9 2017 5 3 1849 1857 26 11 2016 23 01 2017 Background: The large part of sandy soils in Hungary has unfavorable water management properties. Studies have shown that the sewage sludge compost, due to its high organic content, is suitable for improving structure and water management of these soils. The aim of our study was to determine the effects of the application of sewage sludge compost on physical properties of sandy soil. Materials and Methods: The experiment was established in 2003 at the Research Institute of Nyíregyháza of the University of Debrecen in Hungary to study the utilization of sewage sludge compost in agriculture. In this study, however, the changes of water retention and erodibility of soil were measured for three periods. The soil type of the experiment is Arenosol (Dystric Lamellic Arenosol). The applied compost contained sewage sludge of 40%, straw of 25%, bentonite of 5% and rhyolite of 30%. The compost is applied every 3rd year in the following amounts: 0, 9, 18 and 27 Mg ha-1 of dry matter. Results: The compost treatment had a beneficial effect on soil structure thereby reducing the runoff and sediment loss under high intensity rainfall (130 mm h-1). However, in the control plot there was significantly higher water erosion. The water retention of soil was slightly increased after compost application.                              Conclusions: The compost application improved the water management properties of sandy soil, which is connected with organic matter addition into soil. The compost treatment had a beneficial effect on soil structure thereby reducing the runoff and sediment loss. 1674 Development of a Web GIS System Based on the MaxEnt Approach for Wildfire Management: A Case Study of East Azerbaijan Ebrahimy Hamid Rasuly Aliakbar Mokhtari Davoud Former Master Student, Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Professor, Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran and Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia Professor, Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 1 9 2017 5 3 1859 1873 24 01 2017 16 04 2017 Background:The online and efficient information about the spatial distribution of wildfire susceptibility and occurrence has a major role in improving of fire prevention activities. Materials and Methods: In this study a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) approach was used for modeling wildfire susceptibility in East Azerbaijan Province and a webGIS system called fire susceptibility webGIS system (FSWS) was developed to easily share and utilize data and facilities among local people and managers. The methodology was composed of three different phases. First, dependent and independent variables were produced by several methods includingimage processing technique, interpolation method and GIS analysis. Next, the wildfire susceptibility was analyzed by using a MaxEnt approach to predict the possibility of wildfire occurrence based on history of wildfire data and environmental variables (anthropogenic, topography, climate and vegetation datasets) during 2005–2015 and the model performs well in terms of accuracy, with an area under ROC curve (AUC) value of 0.909. Finally, the webGIS system was developed by up to date and proper information. Results: This webGIS system was provided from the spatial database of variables, wildfire susceptibility map, fire occurrence layers and base maps. FSWS was set up based on ArcGIS component and provided the facilities and capabilities of a web application that would be used by any user even without any prior knowledge of the GIS field. Conclusions: By FSWS, the environmental authorities will be able to design many operational plans to control the wildfires, supporting conservation managers in improving pre-fire management and raise the awareness among the local people. 6311 Variation of Carbon Sequestration in Halocnemum strobilaceum and Soil under Livestock Grazing (Case Study: Salt Lands of Golestan Province, Iran) Ehsani Mohadeseh Sheidae Karkaj Esmaeil Aliloo Fatemeh Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Assistant professor, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Ph.D. Student, Department of Rangeland Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran 1 9 2017 5 3 1875 1883 08 05 2017 23 06 2017 Background: Grazing intensity has a major effect on soil and biomass organic carbon storage (C). Various plants and ecosytems with deiffernt charactristices have their unique responses to the grazing. Recognizing the effects of grazing intensity on C in various envrionments dominated by Halocnemum strobilaceum, such as Incheboron salt land of Golestan province, helps plannig the grazing startegies. Materials and Methods: Three grazing sites, viz. heavy grazing (in vicinity of resting point), moderate grazing (at a distance of 650 meters from resting point) and light grazing (at a distance of 2050 meters from resting point) were selceted. Sampling of soil and H. strobilaceum species was carried out with systematic-random method in Nov. 2012. In this regard, fifteen plants along the five 100 meters transects (with distance of 30m) were randomly selected and underground and abovegrond organs were extracted. The amount of biomass C was determined by combustion method. Also, soil sampling with five repetation was carried out in two depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) and the amount of stored C was determined by Walkly and Black method. Results: The sum of underground and aboveground biomass C in light grazing site was more than the heavy and moderate grazing sites, which were about 1.17, 1.07 and 0.567 ton/hectare respectively. The amount of soil C for the mentioned sites were 162.56, 137,39 and 80.76 ton/hectare, respectively. Besides, the depth 0-20 cm in all sites had a higher C. The soil C comprised more than 99 percent of ecosystem total stored C (biomas and soil C) in each site. In terms of total ecosystem C, the heavy and moderate grazing site had about 84.37 and 32.20 ton/hectare less C compred to light grazing site. Conclusions: From a management perspective, it is concluded that light grazing intesity in saltalnd region can lead to maintenance of C in high level and grazing systems should avoid high stocking rates because it may adversely affect soil C. Heavy grazing has more negative effects on C compared to moderate grazing. Both soil and biomass respond similarly to different grazing intensities. The soil, especially first depth as the main resourcse of C, should be protected from detrioration to prevent C decling. In view point of C sequestration, it is suggested to plan grazing intesity in light level and protect the soil of rangelands.the five 100 meters transects (with distance of 30m) were selected and underground and abovegrond organs were extracted. The amount of biomass C was determined by combustion method. Also, soil sampling with five repetation was carried out on two depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) and the amount of stored C was determined by Walkly and Black method. The results showed that the sum of underground and aboveground biomass C in light grazing site is more than the heavy and moderate grazing sites. This value is about 1.17, 1.07 and 0.567 ton/hectare for light, moderate and heavy grazing, respectively. The amount of soil C for the and soil C) in each of sites. 427 Comparison among Allometric Relations of Some Morphometric Characteristics under Natural and Simulated Scales Goli Mokhtari Leila Ramesht Mohammad Hossein Momeni Mehdi Assistant Professor, Department of Geomorphology and Climatology, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran Professor, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geographical Science and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Assistant Professor, Department of Surveying, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 1 9 2017 5 3 1887 1901 04 04 2017 19 06 2017 Background: The concept of allometry states that the relative rate of change of a system unit is a constant fraction of the relative rate of change of the entire system, or of another part of the system.This concept is stated as a nonlinear relationship and has been verified in a variety of natural systems. Materials and Methods:The allometric relations in various phases of basin evolution in forms of static and dynamic models wasinvestigated.In order to study the dynamic allometry, a model consistingof two basins was developed.The evolution stages and the erosion changes caused by artificial rainfall and tectonic movements and also in static form (natural basins) were monitored. Results: The existence of allometricrelations in drainage basins that are progressing toward the equilibrium (natural basins and basins affected by erosion) are significant and verifiable.This kind of relations do not exist in tectonic affected basins that were moving away from the equilibrium. Conclusions:Allometric relations in drainage basins can define different states of system such as equilibrium. Moreover, any factor that causes the basin to move away from equilibrium needs to have an initial effect on basin relations to cause disorder in the system,and this change,in many cases,can be formulated or demonstrated by allometric model. Therefore the allometric equations could be considered an important tool in predicting the evolution of drainage basins and assessing their performance in the past and present.